Term
| Deuterstomes can be divided into ambulacarians and ___. Hemichordates and echinoderms belong to ___. Urochordates, cephalochordates and vertebrates are ___. |
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Definition
chordates
ambulacarians
chordates |
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Term
| Chordates include: ___ (ex. sea squirts), ___ (AKA lancelets, ex. amphioxus) and ___ (ex. humans) |
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Definition
urochordates
cephalochordates
vertebrates |
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Term
| Hemichordates (ex. acorn worms) are ambulacarians, not true chordates, because they don't have a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemichordates have three regions each with a coelom. From front to anterior to posterier they are: ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chordates can be divided into three groups, two of which are invertebrates: ___. |
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Definition
unochordates
cephalochordates
vertebrates |
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Term
| There were four major evolutions from nonchordates to chordates: ___. |
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Definition
| dorsal, hollow nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits and a muscular, postanal tail |
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Term
| The notochord is positioned between the ___ and ___. It contains large, fluid-filled cells encased in stiff, fibrous tissue. It provide skeletal support. It remains in most ___, but turns into the disks in the vertebrate of most adult ___. |
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Definition
digestive tube
nerve cord
invertebrates and basal vertebrates
vertebrates |
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Term
| The hollow nerve chord in chordates forms when the ___ invaginates, creating a ___ crest. The ___ crest is present in vertebrates and some urochordates. The nerve chord develops into the ___, including the brain. |
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Definition
ectoderm
neural
neural
central nervous system (CNS) |
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Term
| The pharyngeal slits and pharyngeal basket seen in chordates allows ___. The pharyngeal slits are only present in some vertebrates (remember chordates = urochordates + cephalochordates + vertebrates) in the embryonic stage. |
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Definition
| water to pass through the gill-like organ without it having to enter the digestive tract, it allows for the filtering of prey and gas exchange |
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Term
| In most animals the gut spans the entirety of the body. In chordates, the ___ extends beyond the gut. |
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Definition
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Term
| Urochordates are sessile as adults, meaning they do not ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Urochordates, AKA ___, have a small genome of around 16,000 genes. It has ___% of the genes thaat humans have. Because it can be cultured easily in lab and genetically altered, it is often used to study the development of the notochord. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cephalochordates, AKA ___, are a member of the chordate group, along with ___ (two others). They have around 22,000 genes and the most famous one is the Amphioxus. There are less than thirty species known and they often live at the bottom of the water, feeding on ___, which they obtain through their ___. |
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Definition
lancelets
urochordates and vertebrates
particles suspended in the water
pharyngeal slits |
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Term
| Vertebrates are distinct from the two other chordate groups: ___ and ___. They spefically developed four things ___. |
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Definition
urochordates (turnicates), cephalochordates (lancelets)
a cranium, brain elaboration, paired sensory organs in the head, neural crest cells |
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Term
| Neural crest cells found in most vertebrates are able to differentiate into many things including the spinal chord, the PNS, pigment cells, ___ (three more things). |
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Definition
cartilage
blood cells
skull/facial bones |
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Term
| Hagfishes and lampreys are ___. Lampreys contain a ___, but hagfish do not. |
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Definition
jawless fish
vertebrate column |
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Term
| Hagfish contain 58 species, all of them marine. They don't have a ___, although lampreys do, and by definition of being a chordate they have a ___. They excrete ___ against predators. |
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Definition
vertebrate
notochord
slime |
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Term
| Lampreys have 35 species in total, most of them are marine. They are external parasites to fish and their larva are similar to lancelets. They invaded the ___ in the 19th century, causing a decline in trout. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pharyngeal slits are involved in ___ and ___ development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sharks and rays have a ___ skeleton, rather than a bone skeleton. They do, however, have bony teeth. They both have a large liver, containg ___, which helps them float as long as they continue moving. They may also gulp air into their stomach so that it can act as an air bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish have developed a ___ system, made up of tiny organs down the length of the fish which can sense changes in water pressure. It allows them to detect sound waves and water movement. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish are a ___ group, because they do not include ___. |
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Definition
paraphyletic
tetrapods, a descendant |
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Term
| Bony fish make up about ___% of all vertebrate species. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bony fish, which evolved after sharks and rays, developed a ___, which allows them to stop moving and still float. Scientists think it may have been a primitive lung for use in shallow water. Many also have long flexible rays of ___ for movement and ___ for protection. |
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Definition
swim bladder
bones
scales |
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