Term
| One type of archaea covered previously is crenarchaeota, which survives in many acidic and hot environments. The other group is called euryarchaeota, which is found in many alkaloid, ___, environments. They are also halophiles, meaning they like very ___ environments. Many have also developed a ___ color due to carotenoid pigment. Some of them produce ___ and are ___ anaerobes, often living in the guts of animals like cattle. |
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Definition
| basic, salty, reddish, methane, obligate |
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Term
| Prokaryotes provide many benefits to eukaryotes. For example, like fungi, they ___. They also help to cycle ___ and cyanobacteria are responsible for many of the ___ in ancient Earth. Prokaryotes acting as gut symbionts also aid in digestion and produce vital compounds like ___, which eukaryotes cannot produce. |
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Definition
| decompose, nitrogen, oxygen, vitamin B12 |
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Term
| Human prokaryotic pathogens are all ___, not archaea. Some gram negative ones produce ___, which does not kill the host, but is released when a cell lyses. They are ussually lipoplysaccharides. Another type of pathogen is ___. These are usually proteins and are fatal, spreading when the host dies. An example of these are ___ (five in total) |
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Definition
bacteria
endotoxins
exotoxins
tetanus, botulism, cholera, plague, anthrax |
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Term
| A community of prokaryotes on a surface of something is known as a ___. An example of this is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotes can be multicellular as well as ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| A protist is defined as ___. An example of this is ___. |
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Definition
a eukaryote that is neither a plant, animal or fungi
seaweed, algae |
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Term
| A microbial eukaryote, single celled animal, is called a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protists and protozoans are ___ groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotes developed a lot of things. First, they lost their ___, although it was later developed again in ___. They also developed ___ vesicles, more complex ___ structures, a nucleus and more ___. |
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Definition
cell wall
plants
digestive
flagella
organelles (like mitochondria, which has been lost in some eukarotes, and chloroplast) |
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Term
| The loss of the cell wall in eukaryotes enabled the evolution of ___ bound organelles inside the cell. It also allowed the cell to increase its ___ without increasing its ___. |
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Definition
membrane
surface area
volume |
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Term
| Mitochondria evolved from ___. Within our cells, they participate in ___ (four things). They are ___ inherited. |
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Definition
protobacteria
cellular respiration, cell signalling, cell death, growth
maternally |
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Term
| For chloroplast, primary endosymbiosis occurs when there is ___ membranes separating the cytoplasm of the chloroplast form the cytoplasm of the largest cell. In secondary endosymbiosis there are ___ membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from ancient bacteria is called the ___. It was developed by Mereschkowski and later investigated by Margulis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The eukaryotic cytoskeleton consists of monomers (actin, tubulin and IF proteins) that polymerize and depolymerize. It has several uses: it helps motility through ___ (three things) and also helps chromosomal movement during reproduction. |
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Definition
| psuedopodia, cilia and flagella |
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Term
| The bacteria skeleton is more well known that the archaea skeleton. The bacteria cytoskeleton seems to have homologs to actin, tubulin and IF proteins. It also has special proteins called ___ (two proteins) that are not present in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The bacteria cytoskeleton helps bacteria by defining its shape. These particular shapes are mostly nuggets (cocci), rods (bacilli) or string (helices). But, the cytoskeleton can also help with ___ and division of the ___ during binary fission. |
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Definition
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Term
| The common ancestor of all three domains had actin and tubilin. Eukaryotic cytoskeleton creates ___ (in muscles) and interacts with ___ to create movement, which is not seen in prokaryotes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryote flagella differ greatly from eukaryote flagella. Prokaryote flagellium have a single "fibril" composed of ___ protein. The hook and basal body drive the motion. In eukaryotes (independently evolved), the flagellum is enclosed by a ___ and has a ___ structure of microtubules. |
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Definition
flagellin
plasma membrane
9+2 |
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Term
| One way diversity in eukaryotes (mainly protozoans like paramecium) happens is through conjugation. Initially, there are two cells, each with a micronucleus and a macronucleus. The ___ goes through meiosis, producing four ___. Three of these disintigrate and the last one undergoes mitosis. Then, the two cells swap one ___ each and the ___ disintigrates in each. The two ___ now in each cell fuse and undero mitosis to produce a new ___ and ___. |
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Definition
meiosis
micronucleus
micronuclei
micronucleus
macronucleus
micronuclei
macronucleus
micronucleus
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Term
| In groups like paramecia, the ___ is used for running the cell and the ___ is used for reproduction. |
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Definition
macronucleus
micronucleus
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