Term
|
Definition
It contains only 1/30th of
the molecular oxygen
content contained in air.
Gas molecules diffuse
10,000 times slower in
water than in airIt is 1000 times more
viscous than air. |
|
|
Term
| what type of metabolism characterizes the amniotes? |
|
Definition
Increased
metabolic rates |
|
|
Term
| what does increased surface area do for diffusion and transport of material? |
|
Definition
Increased surface area (s.a.) means increased diffusion and
transport of material across the repiratory membrane from
internal to external environment |
|
|
Term
| what does branching, folding, and stretching of epithelium do? |
|
Definition
Branching, folding, and stretching of the
epithelium creates a much larger surface
area without increassing the volume of the
internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binding proteins from red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alveoli are microscopic gas-
exchange chambers lined with
endothelium |
|
|
Term
| amphibian skin and breathing |
|
Definition
Amphibian skin is very thin and very highly vascularized.
They are transitional breathers. They can exchange
gasses directly through their skin
Amphibians use gills
(as larvae), lungs, and
skin for breathing.
No other vertebrate
uses so many
different organs for
gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water across membranes |
|
|
Term
| how much of an organism is water and why? |
|
Definition
| atleast 75% due to origin from primordial soup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salts, like Na, K, Ca, dissolved in
water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when solute concentration same inside and outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a concentration gradient results in: |
|
Definition
A concentration gradient results in water
moving toward the highest concentration |
|
|
Term
| one result of hypertonic cell can be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cell in a highly
concentrated medium
is hypotonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell shrinks in on itself |
|
|
Term
| how do most organisms retain salt concentration in cells? |
|
Definition
Many organisms are no more than one or two cell diameters
away from environmental solutes at all times. They maintain
the same salt concentrations as their environment |
|
|
Term
| how do vertebrates keep cells insulated? |
|
Definition
Vertebrates, and most other animals, have iternal tissues whose
cells are generally insulated from environmental water. Instead
they are bathed in tissue fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plasma is the tissue fluid, it creates the
osmotic environment for every cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the downside of the vertebrate lung system? |
|
Definition
| water can leave through vapor through tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most organisms dispose of nitrogenous waste by collecting it in a
kidney-like filtering system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rine is liquid urea and results
in copious amounts of water loss. This drastically affects osmotic
balance as does loss of water and solutes through sweat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mainetenance of the internal
tissue-fluid osmotic concentration
with respect to the environment |
|
|
Term
| how does a frog osmoregulate? |
|
Definition
Has tissue fluids that are hypertonic,
so water will tend to flow in through
it’s skin |
|
|
Term
| marine organisms and water retention: |
|
Definition
Marine organisms tend to lose water through their respiratory
epithelia. They are hyposmotic and must conserve water |
|
|
Term
| how do sharks prevent water loss? |
|
Definition
Most sharks prevent water loss through a
specialized ability to retain urea,raising their osmolarity
They also eat fish with
tissue fluids that are
hyposmotic to seawater |
|
|
Term
| why do birds require no water for excretion? |
|
Definition
Birds and reptiles don’t sweat. But they
lose water through evaporation from their
Birds and reptiles excrete
uric acid as a nitrogenous
waste. It is crystalline,
and not soluble in water.
It requires no water for
excretion |
|
|
Term
| what does the example of the kangaroo rat show about getting water in desert? |
|
Definition
Kangaroo rats (Family Heteromyidae) live in the desert,
often in the total absence of water. They derive all their
water needs from metabolic water from their food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in desert animals to gain "metabolic water" in areas where water is not present |
|
|
Term
| what does "heat dissapates" mean? |
|
Definition
| heat tends to get less, cooler |
|
|
Term
| more heat means there have been: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affect can heat have on protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Homeotherms can maintain their body temperature over a wide range of
environmental temperatures (mammals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Poikilotherms cannot maintain a constant
body temperature.
(ex. amphibians) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endotherms derive their body heat from within, through metabolic
processes and retain it with insulation; mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ectotherms derive their body heat
from external sources and have no insulation; amphibians, etc |
|
|
Term
| what is interesting about fish which are ecotherms? |
|
Definition
Many fish species have
body temperatures that
don’t fluctuate very
much, even though
they are ectotherms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat lost in the ultraviolet and infrared spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat transfered by direct contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat transfer by conduction with wind in terrestrial animals |
|
|
Term
| more surface area (for heat loss) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| morphological example of thermoregulation |
|
Definition
| arterries must run near veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affect does an increase in body size have on the S.A/V ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most efficient way to retain heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape has the lowest S.A/V ratio? |
|
Definition
A sphere has the lowest surface
area to volume ratio of all
biologically important shapes |
|
|
Term
| how can you achieve more homeothermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does fur allow animals to do? |
|
Definition
| live in colder environments |
|
|
