Term
| what are the 8 types of imaging modalities |
|
Definition
radiography
computed tomography
magnetic resonance injury
diagnostic ultrasound
nuclear medicine: scintigraphy
dual energy x-ray absorpitiometry
discography
arthrography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conventional
SPECT
PET/CT
PET/MR |
|
|
Term
| what is usually the first imaging study? |
|
Definition
| conventional radiography (xray) |
|
|
Term
| 8 red flags for use of conventional radiography (xray) |
|
Definition
age over 50
hx of cancer
significant trauma
fever
corticosteroid use
IV drug abuse
immunocompromised
unresponsive to care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
radiation exposure (low)
2 dimensional image
30%-50% destruction necessary
Many false positives
Many false negatives |
|
|
Term
| contraindications to xrays (2) |
|
Definition
pregnancy
children (caution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invisible beam that has the ability to penetrate solid objects and to create an image on a photographic plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conventional (analog)
digital (direct) |
|
|
Term
| action performed with a PA view for a lung xray |
|
Definition
| xray performed on deep inspirtation |
|
|
Term
| 4 oblique positions and what faces toward the film |
|
Definition
right posterior oblique (right posterior toward film)
left posterior oblique (left posterior toward film)
right anterior oblique (right anterior toward film)
left anterior oblique (left anterior toward film) |
|
|
Term
| Structures from radiolucent to radiopaque |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PA projection of the hand aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| standard elbow series has how many images? what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Projection of the patella can be called what |
|
Definition
| tangential (sunrise) patella projection |
|
|
Term
| how many standard cervical spine images are there? what are they? |
|
Definition
AP open mouth
AP lower cervical
Lateral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bony detail
bony stenosis
evaluate complex skeletal anomalies
frctures
head (acute stroke or trauma)
vascular (ct angiography)
joints (Ct arthrography)
facet jt evaluation
only 3-5% destruction necessary |
|
|
Term
| CT contraindications/limitations (3) |
|
Definition
high radiation exposure
pregnancy
children |
|
|
Term
| CT has what unit to identify various tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Houndsfield units range from which numbers? what are the structures within it |
|
Definition
1000 to -1000
Bone has 1000
Liver
White matter (brain)
Gray matter (brain)
Blood
Muscle
Kidney
Cerebrospinal fluid
Water
Fat
Air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spinal canal evaluation
disc herniation
neoplasm
infection (osteomyelitis, discitis)
bone contusion
internal joint derangement
vascular: MR angiography
Joint: MR arthrography
bone marrow disease |
|
|
Term
| MRI contraindications (4) |
|
Definition
cerebral aneurysm clips
some implants
cardiac pacemakers
metal fragments (eye) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
claustrophobia and obesity
expense
availability
bone definition
over sensitivty: false positives |
|
|
Term
| what is better at seeing bone definition CT or MR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: disc bulge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: mild/moderate DDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: severe DDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: annular tears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: high intensity zones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: disc protrusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar Spines: disc extrusions or direct room compression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MRI can detect this sarcoma discussed in the notes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MSK Diagnostic Ultrasound indications (7) |
|
Definition
superficial ligament and tendon
rotator cuff tear
ankle ligament injury
soft tissue mass
some fx
pneumothorax and hemothorax
vascular doppler |
|
|
Term
| MSK Diagnostic Ultrasound (DUS): contraindications (3) |
|
Definition
open wounds
infections
deep structures |
|
|
Term
| MSK diagnostic Ultrasound: limitations (2) |
|
Definition
will not penetrate bone
non specific anatomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conventional planar bone scan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single photon emission computed tomography |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of positron emission tomography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conventional planar bone scan: indications (5) |
|
Definition
areas of high metabolic activity
neoplasm: metastasis
skeletal location: mono/polyostotic
infection
trauma |
|
|
Term
| Conventional planar bone scan: trauma indications (4) |
|
Definition
acute fx
stress fx (fatigue/insufficiency)
stress reaction
bone contusion |
|
|
Term
| Conventional planar bone scan: contraindications/limitations (5) |
|
Definition
radiation exposure
allergic reaction to pharmaceutical
renal disease
pregnancy
children (caution) |
|
|
Term
| PET/CT and PET/MR: indications (5) |
|
Definition
neoplasms
metastasis
monitor chemotheraphy or radiation
lymph node spread
very sensitive to changes |
|
|
Term
| PET/CT and PET/MR: contraindications/limitations(6) |
|
Definition
radiation exposure
allergic reaction to pharmaceutical
renal disease
pregancy
children (caution)
claustrophobia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
osteoporosis
corticosteroid use
multiple myeloma or metastasis
baseline prior to medication
determien fx risk |
|
|
Term
| Dxa contraindication/limitation |
|
Definition
| radiation exposure (minimal) |
|
|
Term
| Generalized osteoporosis fx locations (5) |
|
Definition
spine
proximal femur
distal radius
humeral neck
ankle malleoli |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of spinal compression fx |
|
Definition
wedge
biconcave (fish)
vertebral palana |
|
|
Term
| WHO classifications for dx of osteoporosis using BMD measurements: T score of -1.0 or higher indicates what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHO classifications for dx of osteoporosis using BMD measurements: T score between -1.0 and -2.5 indicates what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHO classifications for dx of osteoporosis using BMD measurements: T score of -2.5 or lower indicates what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative Fx Risk: T Score of -2 |
|
Definition
| 4x more likely to suffer a fx |
|
|
Term
| Relative Fx Risk: T Score of -3 |
|
Definition
| 8x more like to suffer a fx |
|
|
Term
| Relative Fx Risk: T Score of -4 |
|
Definition
| 16x more likely to suffer a fx |
|
|
Term
| Discography indications: (3) |
|
Definition
annular tears
internal disc derangement
provocative examination |
|
|
Term
| Discography: contraindications and limitations (6) |
|
Definition
radiation exposure (minimal)
allergic reaction to contrast)
invasive
infection
iatrogenic disc disruption
painful |
|
|
Term
| Arthrography: indications (5) |
|
Definition
intra-articular derangements
adhesive capsulitis
ligament tears
labral tears
when MR not available or contraindicated |
|
|
Term
| Arthrography: contraindications/limitations (5) |
|
Definition
radiation exposure (significant)
allergic reaction to contrast
invasive
infection
painful |
|
|
Term
| Problems with ionizing radiation (6) |
|
Definition
cancer risk, .4% of all cancers-CT
DNA damage - cell mutation
Birth defects - abnormal growth
Teratogenic effects - effects on fetus
Immunosuppression - depleted WBC
Radiation sickness - over 50 mSv |
|
|
Term
| what imaging studies have ionizing radiation exposure (5) |
|
Definition
radiography
CT
DXA
Bone scan
PET |
|
|
Term
| what imaging studies do not have ionizing radiation exposure (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we minimize radiation exposure (6) |
|
Definition
minimize imaging studies
gonad shielding
equipment quality assurance
modern equipment
minimize re-takes
avoid imaging during pregnancy if possible |
|
|
Term
| clinical reasons for obtaining radiographs (6) |
|
Definition
pathologic dx
mechanical dx
anomalies
contraindications
monitor degeneration
failure to respond to care |
|
|
Term
| non clinical reasons for obtaining radiographs (4) |
|
Definition
financial gain
force of habit
medicolegal
patient enducation |
|
|
Term
| Screening tests: sensitivity vs specificity |
|
Definition
high sensitivity
low specificity |
|
|
Term
| Screening tests: false positives vs false negatives |
|
Definition
minimize false negatives
risk of false positives |
|
|
Term
| Screening tests: examples (4) |
|
Definition
mammography
ESR
scoliosis programs
PSA |
|
|
Term
| US Screening research body |
|
Definition
| US Preventitive Services Task Force (USPSTF) |
|
|
Term
| USPSTF recommends these types of screenings |
|
Definition
Cancer
AAA
Diabetes
Vitamin D Deficiency
Osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| USPSTF recommends cancer screening for what 4 types of cancers |
|
Definition
breast
cervical
colorectal
lung |
|
|
Term
| USPSTF osteoporosis screening recommendations |
|
Definition
screening for women aged 65 yeras and older
in younger women whose fx risk is equal to or greater than a 65 year old white woman who has no additional risk factors
current evidence insufficient for men |
|
|
Term
| DX tests are used with what |
|
Definition
| red flags in hx and physical examination |
|
|
Term
| Dx tests: sensitiviy and specificity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dx tests: false positives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dx tests: predictive value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biopsy
autopsy
serum analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Cancer: key features on history or physical exam (3) |
|
Definition
hx of cancer with new onset of LBP
unexplained weight loss
failure to improve after 1 month
age >50 years
multiple risk factors present |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Cancer: imaging to be done if history of cancer with new onset of LBP and additional studies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Cancer: imaging to be done if unexplained weight loss, failure to improve after 1 month, age>50 years, and addidtional study |
|
Definition
lumbosacral plain radiography
ESR |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Cancer: imaging to be done if multiple risk factors present and additional studies |
|
Definition
plain radiograpy or MRI
ESR |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Vertebral infection: key features on history or PE, imaging, additional studies |
|
Definition
fever
IV drug use
recent infection
MRI
ESR and/or CRP |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Cauda equina syndrome: key features on hx or PE, imaging, additional studies |
|
Definition
urinary retention
mtoro deficits at multiple levels
fecal incontinence
saddle anaesthesia
MRI
none |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Vertebral compression fx: key features on hx or PE, imaging studies, and additional studies |
|
Definition
hx of osteoporosis
use of corticosteroids
older age
lumbosacral plain radiography
none |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: ankylosing spondylitis: key features on hx or PE, imaging studies, and additional studies |
|
Definition
morning stiffness
improvement with exercise
alternating buttock pain
awakening d/t back pain during the second part of the night
younger age
anterior posterior pelvis plain radiography
ESR and/or CRP, HLA-B27 |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: severe/progessive neurologic deficits: key features on hx or PE, imaging studies, and additional studies |
|
Definition
progressive motor weakness
MRI
consider EMG/NCV |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Herniated disc key features on hx or PE |
|
Definition
back pain with leg pain in an L4, L5, or S1 nerve root distribution
positive SLR test or cross SLR test
symptoms present >1 month |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: herniated disc: if back pain with leg pain in an L4, L5, or S1 nerve root distribution, and postivie SLR or crossed SLR test what imaging should be done? additional screens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: herniated disc: if symptoms present >1 month what imaging should be done? additional screens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: Spinal stenosis: key features in hx or PE |
|
Definition
radiating leg pain
older age
pseudoclaudications (a weak predictor)
symptoms present >1 month |
|
|
Term
| Possible dx: spinal stenosis: if hx or PE indicate radiating leg pain, older age, or pseuedoclaudication what imaging/additional screens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if possible dx is spinal stenosis and symptmos are present >1 month what imaging/additional screens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are clinical decision (prediction) rules used for |
|
Definition
| attempt to reduce the uncertainity of medical decision making by standardizing the collection and interpretation of clinicla data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from original research & may be
defined as a decision-making tool that
incorporates 3 or more variables from the
history, physical examination or simple
tests. |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine rule: purpose |
|
Definition
To permit more selective ordering of
cervical-spine radiography, more rapid
ruling out of injury to the cervical spine
for patients, and substantial health care
savings. |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine rules used in what patient populations |
|
Definition
Used in alert and stable trauma patients
> age 16 |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine Rules: Part I of the algorithm |
|
Definition
| any high risk factor that mandates radiography such as age (>=65 years, dangerous mechanism, or paresthesias in extremities) |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine Rules: Part I of the algorithm indicates dangerous mechanism, what are some examples (5) |
|
Definition
falls from >=1 meter/5 stairs
axial load ot head (diving)
MVA high speed (>100 km/hr), roll over, ejection
Motorized recreational vehicles
bicycle collision |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine Rules: Part II of the algorithm includes what |
|
Definition
| any low-risk factor that allows safe assessment of range of motion such as simple end rear end mva, sitting position in ED, ambulatory at any time, delayed onset of neck pain, absence of midline C spine tenderness |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine Rules: Part II of the algorithm indicates simple rear end MVC which excludes |
|
Definition
pushed into oncoming traffic
hit by bus/large truck
rollover
hit by high speed vehicle |
|
|
Term
| Canadian C Spine Rules: Part III of the algorithm indicates what |
|
Definition
| Able to actively rotate neck at least 45 degrees left and right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inability to bear weight both immediately and in emergency dept
Bone tenderness at posterior edge or tip of lateral/medial malleolus
base of 5th MT
bone tenderness of navicular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
congenital disorders
articular disorders
bone neoplasms
musculoskeltal infection
vascular disorder
metabolic disease |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Two main categories |
|
Definition
skeletal dysplasia
isolated skeletal anomalies |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: skeletal dysplasia broken down into what 2 categories |
|
Definition
achondroplasia
marfan's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: isolated skeletal anomalies are broken down into what 2 categoreis |
|
Definition
cervical rib
block vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Achondroplasia: 5 features |
|
Definition
most common congenital dwarfism
disturbance of epiphyseal growth
normal except physical appearance
normal life span
avg 50 inches tal |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Achondroplasia: has two major areas for clinical features |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Achondroplasia: head clinical features |
|
Definition
large head
depressed nasal ridge
small foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Achondroplasia: trunk clinical features |
|
Definition
protuberant abdomen
prominent buttocks
hyperlordosis
champagne glass pelvis
thoracolumbar kyphosis |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Marfan's Syndrome: clinical features |
|
Definition
ligamentous laxity
long fingers
pectus excavatum
postural issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having some of the fingers be partially united |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorders: Cervical rib: what is it? |
|
Definition
| extra rib coming from the C spine |
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders include what 4 major categories |
|
Definition
degenerative jt disease
inflammatory disease
crystal deposition disease
autoimmune and connective tissue disorders |
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders: degenerative jt disease includes what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders: inflammatory disease includes what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders: crystal deposition disease includes what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders: degenerative lumbar spine disease can include |
|
Definition
DDD
facet jt osteoarthrosis |
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders: osteoarthrosis of teh hip is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Articular disorders: osteoarthritis of the hip jt: what is the most commonly involved jt space |
|
Definition
| superior jt space most commonly involved |
|
|
Term
| Seropostive inflammatory arthritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammatory arthritis: seronegative spondyloarthropathies (4) |
|
Definition
ankylosing spondylitis
psoriatic arthropathy
reactive arthropathy
enteropathic arthropathy |
|
|
Term
| RA presents itself how in the hand |
|
Definition
MCP
PIP
marginal erosions
periarticular osteoporosis
deformities: swan neck, boutonniere, ulnar deviation |
|
|
Term
| RA presents how in the hip jt (4) |
|
Definition
uniform loss of jt space
erosions
femoral head destruction
bilateral acetabular protrusion |
|
|
Term
| Psoriatic spondyloarthropathy has what extraspinal manifestations |
|
Definition
mouse ears (PSOR)
gull wing (EOA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodium monourate crystal deposition in the cartilage, synovium, periarticular, or subcutaneous areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decades most likely to get gout |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of skeletal neoplasms |
|
Definition
primary benign neoplasms
primary malignant neoplasms
secondary malignant (metastatic) neoplasms
paget's disease of bone |
|
|
Term
| most common secondary malignant (metastatic) neoplasms (5) |
|
Definition
breast
lung
prostate
kindey
thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of benign neoplasms |
|
Definition
sharp margins
narrow zone of transition
may have sclerotic border
geographic
usually benign |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of malignant neoplasms |
|
Definition
ill defined margins
wide zone of transition
indistinct margins
motheaten
permeative
aggresive pattern |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cortical integrity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osteolytic destruction is radio_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osteoblastic despoition is radio______ and can be (2) |
|
Definition
opaque
puncate or localized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incidence of malignant tumors in bone |
|
Definition
skeletal metastasis 70%
primary malignant 30% |
|
|
Term
| Primary sites of skeletal metastasis in women |
|
Definition
breast (70%)
thyroid
kidney
uterus |
|
|
Term
| Primary skites of skeletal metasis in adult men |
|
Definition
| prostate (60%), lung (25%), thyroid, kidney, bowel |
|
|
Term
| primary sites of skeletal metastasis in children |
|
Definition
neuroblastoma
ewings
osteosarcoma
lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| pathways of extension for skeletal metastasis |
|
Definition
direct
lymphatic
hematogenous |
|
|
Term
| radiologic patterns of disease for skeletal metastasis (3) and percentages |
|
Definition
osteolytic (75%)
osteoblastic (15%)
mixed (10%) |
|
|
Term
| Imaging for skeletal metastasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imaging for skeletal metastasis: why a bone scan |
|
Definition
highly sensitive
3-5% destruction needed |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal metastasis in the spine presents how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary malignant tumors of bone most to least common |
|
Definition
multiple myeloma (27%)
osteosarcoma (20%)
chondrosarocma (10%)
ewing's sarcoma (7%)
lymphoma (3%)
chordoma (1%) |
|
|
Term
| Early imaging finds of multiple myeloma |
|
Definition
| normal radiographs show diffuse osteopenia |
|
|
Term
| Late imaging findins of multiple myeloma |
|
Definition
punched out radiolucencies
vertebral collapse
diaphyseal osteolytic lesions
pedicles may be spared
rare sclerotic vertebra (<3%)
bone scan often normal |
|
|
Term
| multiple myeloma and the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical findings of central osteosarcoma |
|
Definition
| localized, tender prominence |
|
|
Term
| central osteosarcoma: most common skeletal locations |
|
Definition
femur (46%)
tibia (21%)
humerus (11%)
pelvis (7%)
spine (<7%) |
|
|
Term
| Central osteosarcoma imaging finds |
|
Definition
osteoclerotic type
osteolytic type |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma are called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary benign neoplasms types (8) |
|
Definition
giant cell tumor
osteochondroma/HME
bone island
osteoid osteoma
enchondroma
fibrous xanthoma
simple bone cyst
aneurysmal bone cyst
lipoma |
|
|
Term
| tumor like benign neoplasms |
|
Definition
paget
fibrous dysplasia
neufibromatosis |
|
|
Term
| bone island (enostoma) characteristics (4) |
|
Definition
any age
adults > children
asymptomatic
usually solitary |
|
|
Term
| paget disease of bone tends to affect what side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paget disease of bone tends to effect what parts of the skeleton (6) |
|
Definition
pelvis
femur
skull
tibia
spine
humerus |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of paget disease in the thoracolumbar spine (2) |
|
Definition
bone enlargement
picture frame vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| paget disease in the tibia can present how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 types of musculoskeletal infection |
|
Definition
acute osteomyelitis
acute septic arthritis
chronic osteomyelitis
tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
painful erythema
swelling
edema
malaise
fever
ESR
elevated WBC
pre-existing infection |
|
|
Term
| 2 categories of vascular disorders and their subcategories |
|
Definition
atherosclerosis (aorta, carotid)
aortic aneurysm |
|
|
Term
| most common degenerative disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does atheroscloerosis desposit in the arteries |
|
Definition
| atheromatous plaque in intimal and subintimal layers |
|
|
Term
| most common areas for atheroscloerosis (6) |
|
Definition
aorta
iliac
subclavian
carotid
coronary
femoral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
>age 50
men 8.2%
women 1.4% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fx that starts with C (3) |
|
Definition
closed
chip (corner)
comminuted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impaction
incomplete
infraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fx that starts with S (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fx that starts with O (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open fx breaks skin, closed does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two or more fragments have separated
crushed or pulverized bone
butterly fragments |
|
|
Term
| what is a noncomminuted fx |
|
Definition
| one break with 2 fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tearing away of bone fragment
pull from ligament, tendon, or muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of impaction fx |
|
Definition
depressed fx
compression fx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of bone is driven into adjacent segment |
|
|
Term
| what is a common areasa for an impaction depressed fx |
|
Definition
tibial plateau
frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| what is a common area for a impaction compression fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of incomplete fx in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transverse fx convex side
bending on concave side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
buckling of cortex on concave side
no radiolucent fx line visible |
|
|
Term
| what is a chip (corner) fx |
|
Definition
| avulsion fx at corner of a phalanx or other tubular bone |
|
|
Term
| Features of a pathologic fx (3) |
|
Definition
fx through diseased, weakened bone
transverse orientation
vertebra plana - flattened vertebral body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what leads to a fatigue fx (3) |
|
Definition
abnormal stress on normal bone
repetitive stress
gradual formation of microfracture |
|
|
Term
| what leads to insuffiency fx (2) |
|
Definition
stress fx through diseased bone
form of pathologic fx |
|
|
Term
| Most common fatigue fx from most to least (5) |
|
Definition
pars interarticularis L5
metatarsals
proximal tibia
calcaneus
fibula |
|
|
Term
| metatarsals fatigue fx aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proximal tibia fatigue fx most common in what populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcaneus fatigue fx most common in what population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibula fatigue fx most common in what population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of an occult fx (2) |
|
Definition
radiographically invisible fx
re-radiograph in 7-10 days |
|
|
Term
| most common areas of occult fx |
|
Definition
scaphoid (most common)
ribs |
|
|
Term
| Bone (bruise) contusion features (3) |
|
Definition
hemorrhage, edema, trabecular microfx
not seen on radiographs
MR imaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shaft of tubular bone
45 degrees to long axis
very common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
torsion
axial compression
angulation
pointed ends |
|
|
Term
| Transverse fx features (4) |
|
Definition
uncommon
high velocity injury
often pathologic
paget's banana fx |
|
|
Term
| 3 spacial relationships of fx |
|
Definition
alignment
apposition
rotation |
|
|
Term
| spacial relationships of fx: alignment refers to what |
|
Definition
| what angle the two segments of bone are to each other |
|
|
Term
| spacial relationships of fx: apposition refers to what |
|
Definition
| whether the bone is displaced laterally and vertically so there is some overlap in the bone |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of trauamtic articular lesions |
|
Definition
subluxation
dislocation
diastasis
osteochondral fx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial loss of contact between usual articular surface components of the jt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete loss of contact between usual articular surface components of jt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| displacement or frank separation of a slighltly moveable jt (syndesmosis) |
|
|
Term
| common areas for diastasis |
|
Definition
pubis
skull
distal tibiofibular jt |
|
|
Term
| what is an osteochondral fx |
|
Definition
| fx through the jt surface |
|
|
Term
| osteochondritis dissecans (osteochondral fx) effects what 3 areas |
|
Definition
femoral condyle
talar dome
capitulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fx through growing physis, epiphysis, and/or metaphysis |
|
|
Term
| classification for epiphyeal fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| concerns with epiphyseal fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx plan for epiphyseal fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salter-Harris Type I Fx features (3) |
|
Definition
fx through physis
alignment may be normal
slipped epiphysis |
|
|
Term
| salter-harris type II fx features (3) |
|
Definition
fracture through physis and metaphysis
most common type (75%)
thurston-holland fragment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
auto accidents
formerly judicial hanging
hyperextension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateral pedicle fx of C2 |
|
|
Term
| 25% of hangman fx have what other pathology |
|
Definition
| other fx such as teardrop of C2 |
|
|
Term
| Hangman's fx has what rare symptom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common type of odontoid fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uncommon type of ondontoid fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unstable type of odontoid fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stable type of odontoid fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stability questionable for this odontoid fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intraarticular odontoid fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of vertebral body compression fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the vertebral body compression fx are stable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the vertebral body compression fx are unstable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wedge compression fx feautures (4) |
|
Definition
compressive hyperflexion
usually stable
no neurologic deficit
uncomplicated healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vertical compression combined with flexion
comminution of body by nucleus pulposus
retropulsion
kyphosis, spinous fanning, facet dislocation
85% neurologic deficit |
|
|
Term
| Clay shoveler's fx features (5) |
|
Definition
C6-T2
flexion avulsion
spinous process displaces inferiorly
double spinous sign
shoveling heavy wet snow |
|
|
Term
| Cervical Spinal stenosis presents in what 3 ways |
|
Definition
congenital
degenerative
traumatic |
|
|
Term
| sagittal canal dimensino (3) features |
|
Definition
minimum 13 mm
torg-pavlov ration >.8:1
minimum 80% |
|
|
Term
| wht is the 3 column theory of thoracolumbar spine stability (5) |
|
Definition
tehre ia an anterior, middle, and posteror column.
disruption of 2 or more of teh columns is unstable
neurologic injury is likely
usually need surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iliac wing
malgaigne
bucket-handle
acetabular
avulsion |
|
|
Term
| pusbis and ischium fx (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sprung pelvis
pubic diastasis |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic trauma and stability has this "principle" |
|
Definition
pretzel or lifesaver principle
pelvis is ring structure
disruption of ring in more than one place is unstable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| avulsion fx common in what populations (7) |
|
Definition
adolescent and young adults
sprinters
long jumpers
gymnasts
hurdlers
cheerleaders
rodeo riders |
|
|
Term
| common pelvis avulsion fx (4) |
|
Definition
adductors
sartorius
rectus femoris
Hamstring |
|
|
Term
| Hip trauma: proximal femur fx types (2) |
|
Definition
intracapsular
extracapsular |
|
|
Term
| Hip trauma: hip dislocations (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proximal femur fx
hip dislocations
slipped capital femoral epiphysis |
|
|
Term
| Hip trauma: proximal femur fx: intracapsular fx includes (3) |
|
Definition
subcapital
midcervical
basicervical |
|
|
Term
| Hip trauma: proximal femur fx: extracapsular fx includes what (3) |
|
Definition
intertrochanteric
trochanteric
subtrochanteric |
|
|
Term
| Hip trauma: proximal femur fx: what is the most common site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hip trauma: proximal femur fx: features of the subcapital fx (5) |
|
Definition
most common site
head neck junction
often difficult to see
disruption of cortex
zone of impaction |
|
|
Term
| Hemiarthroplasty Hip resurfacing advantages (4) |
|
Definition
bone conservation
reproduction of anatomic hip biomechanics
greater implant stability
easier revision procedures |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic findings for a SCFE (5) |
|
Definition
decreased epiphyseal height
wide irregular growth plate
abnormal Klein's line
metaphysis lateral to acetabulum
curved deformity of femoral head |
|
|
Term
| tibial eminince avulsion is d/t what |
|
Definition
| anterior or posterior cruciate ligament tears |
|
|
Term
| Tibial tuberosity avulsion features (3) |
|
Definition
adolescent boys
osgood-schlatter may predispose
quadriceps contraction on flexed knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longitudinal (vertical)
nondisplaced transverse
displaced transverse
nondiscplaced comminuted (stellate)
displaced comminuted
avulsed superior margin |
|
|
Term
| how are patellar fx fixed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| features of a middle clavicle fx (5) |
|
Definition
usually complete
force from distal end
bayone apposition common
heals with extensive callus
treat with sling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat pad sign
supracondylar fx
olecranon fx
radial head fx
radial neck fx |
|
|
Term
| Elbow jt effusion: fat pad sign: jt effusion as a result of (4) |
|
Definition
hemorrhage
inflammation
infection
intraarticular fx |
|
|
Term
| elbow injuries incidence: adults (4) |
|
Definition
radial head and neck 50%
olecranon fx 20%
fx/dislocation 15%
supracondylar fx 10% |
|
|
Term
| elbow injuries incidence in children: (3) |
|
Definition
supracondylar 60%
lateral condyle fx 15%
medial epicondyle 10% |
|
|
Term
| proximal portion of ulna fx |
|
Definition
olecranon process
coronoid process |
|
|
Term
| proximal portion of radius fx |
|
Definition
radial head fx
radial neck fx |
|
|
Term
| Scaphoid fx: classification and incidence (3) |
|
Definition
waist (70%)
proximal pole (20%)
distal pole (10%) |
|
|
Term
| 4 complications of scaphoid fx |
|
Definition
avascular necrosis (1-15%)
nonunion (30% of waist fx)
carpal instability
degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Clinical indications for chest radiography: (3) |
|
Definition
hospital admittance
disease screening
suspected disease |
|
|
Term
| Clinical indications for chest radiography: suspected disease (6) |
|
Definition
neoplasm
infection (pneumonia, abscess)
cardiovascular
pneumothorax
COPD
chest anomalies |
|
|
Term
| Evaluating chest radiograph search pattern (8) |
|
Definition
Identification
labeling
film quality
bones and soft tissues
diaphragms
heart
mediastinum and Hila
Lungs |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of the chest to consider (7) |
|
Definition
emphysema
bronchogenic carcinoma
metastasis
pneumonia
pneumothorax
atelectasis
CHF |
|
|
Term
| diseases which can cause cardiomegaly (6) |
|
Definition
CHF
ischemic heart disease
hypertension (L Vent hypertrophy)
valvular disease
congenital heart disease
COPD |
|
|
Term
| Diff Dx for Lobar Consolidation (5) |
|
Definition
acute bacterial pneumonia
pulmonary tuberculosis
pulmonary infarction
pancoast tumor
atypical pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| diff dx for pleural effusion (5) and which is the most common |
|
Definition
CHF (most common)
bacterial pneumonia
cancer
empyema
tuberculosis
cirrhosis c ascities |
|
|
Term
| types of pneumothorax (4) which is a surgical emergency? |
|
Definition
spontaneous
traumatic
hydropneumothorax
tension (surgical emergency) |
|
|
Term
| Unilateral Diaphragm elevation: diff dx (6) |
|
Definition
phrenic nerve palsy
pulmonary collapse
splinting
eventration
pleural effusion
subphrenic inflammatory disease |
|
|
Term
| bilateral Diaphragm elevation: diff dx (6) |
|
Definition
poor inspiration
obesity
ascities
pregnancy
hepatosplenomegaly
bilateral basal lung collapse |
|
|
Term
| solitary pulmonary nodule diff dx: (6) |
|
Definition
bronchogenic carcinoma
hematogenous metastasis
hamartoma
tuberculoma
lung abscess
hematoma |
|
|
Term
| multiple pulmonary nodules diff dx: (6) |
|
Definition
pulmonary metastasis
lymphoma
histoplasmosis
tuberculosis
rheumatoid nodules
wegener's granulomatosis |
|
|
Term
| Special imaging for pulmonary embolism |
|
Definition
nuclear medicine isotope scan
VQ scan (ventilation perfusion) |
|
|
Term
| neoplasms special imaging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bone disorders special imaging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular disease special imaging |
|
Definition
angiography
MRA, CTA, or conventional |
|
|
Term
| pneumothorax special imaging |
|
Definition
lateral recumbent
inhalation and exhalation films |
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: disc bulge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: mild or moderate DDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: severe DDD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: annular tears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: high intensity zones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: disc protrusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: disc extrusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MR in Asymptomatic Lumbar spines: direct root compression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disc bulge
disc herniation
annular tear
schmorl nodes
posterior limbus |
|
|
Term
| Disc Disorders: types of disc herniations |
|
Definition
protrusion
extrusion
sequestration |
|
|
Term
| what is a disc bulge and how can it be shaped? |
|
Definition
involves >25% of disc circumference
circumferential
asymmetric |
|
|
Term
| types (3) and locations (4) of disc bulges |
|
Definition
protrusion
extrusion
sequestration
central
paracentral
foraminal
extraforaminal |
|
|
Term
| what is a disc protrusion |
|
Definition
<25% of disc circumference
base wider than herniation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| <25% of disc circumference, base narrower than herniation |
|
|
Term
| what is a disc sequestration |
|
Definition
| free fragment of disc material with no connection to disc |
|
|
Term
| 5 features of schmorl node |
|
Definition
cartilagionous nodes
nucleus pulposus herniates through vetrebral end plate
2% to 76% of population
May be painful
Microtrauma? |
|
|
Term
| Schmorl node imaging findings |
|
Definition
punctate indentation
square, sharp, rectangular
sclerotic rim
superir or inferior
central or peripheral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is structural scoliosis |
|
Definition
fails to correct on bending with Adam's test
rib hump |
|
|
Term
| what is nonstructural scoliosis |
|
Definition
corrects on bending
disappears when cause is removed |
|
|
Term
| Structural scolisosis classification (6) |
|
Definition
idiopathic
neuromuscular
myopathic
congenital
neurofibromatosis
trauma |
|
|
Term
| nonstructural scoliosis classification (4) |
|
Definition
postural
limb length discrepancy
hip contractures
antalgic (nerve root irritation, inflammatory) |
|
|
Term
| What is teh most common form of idiopathic scoliosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic scoliosis: infantile age range and gender ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic scoliosis: juvenile age range and gender ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic scoliosis: adolescent age range and gender ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 ways to measure scoliosis |
|
Definition
cobb method
risser-ferguson method |
|
|
Term
| assessment of skeletal maturity is done how |
|
Definition
|
|
