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| is the simple idea that one population can become two different species that are descended from a common or shared ancestor. |
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| just means shared ancestor of species |
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| is a diagram of relationships of how organisms are related to each other |
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| How is time represented on phylogeny? |
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| they represent genetic change, such that the farther apart a diagonal line moves, the more different the two organisms that are united by it changed. |
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| parts intersect or branch off. |
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| the lowest form of perfection are at the bottom, and the highest form of perfection is at the top. In other words, organisms moving up the chain get closer and closer to some ideal form or some perfect type. You should note on this great chain of being we are here, we outrank lower spiritual beings, but we are at the top of the Earthly ranks. This is a very vertical vision of life, it doesn’t reflect our modern view of how organisms have evolved |
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| Why is a phylogeny different than a "great chain"? |
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| phylogeny’s are definitively not vertical chains of complexity or importance because the tips equally successful, though different. |
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| on any specific tree the two organisms with the most recently shared common |
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| on any tree the most closely related organism or group that is not within the group that you are not focused on and has to be BEFORE the organism we are talking about. |
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| Making trees with DNA data |
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| we can look at mutations in genes that organisms share and we can see our history |
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| Non-DNA traits used for making phylogenies? |
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Definition
• Shared morphology
• Developmental patterns
• Behavioral patterns
• Paleontological data |
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| Homoplasious traits/Convergent traits |
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| when a derived trait evolves independently i two lineages. (flight, swimming) |
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| traits that appear in different organisms because they are inherited from a common ancestor |
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| derived traits vs ancestral traits |
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| An ancestral trait or primitive one is a trait that was retained by a species from its ancestor. A derived trait is one that has evolved. |
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| We call groups that we have named that contain their most recent common ancestry and all the descendents of ancestor |
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| is a problem and means that the taxonomic group the prokaryotes don't reflect that evolutionary history, despite the fact that members of this group look pretty similar to us. The prokaryotes were bacteria and archea. |
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| A group we have named that does not have all the descendents of the most recent common ancestor |
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