Term
| What is the difference between antimicrobial & antibiotic? |
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Definition
Antimicrobial: natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin
Antibacterial: natural origin |
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Term
| What do antimicrobial & antibacterial drugs do? |
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Definition
| kills/inhibits microbial growth yet results in minimal/no damage to host |
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Term
| How are antimicrobials used in animals? |
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Definition
Disease prevention
Disease treatment
Growth promotion |
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Term
| Give an example of some antimicrobials approved for use in Canada |
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Definition
Chlortetracyline
Penicillin
Tylosin |
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Term
| What is the difference betweeen prescription & over the counter drugs? |
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Definition
Prescription - sold only through veterinarians
Over the counter: can be purchased without vet consultation, typically a limited number of 'low risk' products |
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Term
| Describe the antimicrobial classification system |
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Definition
Classified based on human medicine importance in categories 1 through 4
Category 1: used in people and don't have many/any alternatives if resistance to these drugs were to develop
Category 4: drugs not used on people, only in animals |
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Term
| What is the rationale for classifying antimicrobial drugs? |
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Definition
-spectrum of activity
-mode of action
-mechanism of resistance
-available alternatives
-potential for transfer of resistance |
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Term
| What is antimicrobial resistance? |
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Definition
| A microbial hazard, resistant bacteria are isolated from the meat/milk yet will persist beyond the residue withdrawal period |
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Term
| What is antimicrobial residue? |
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Definition
| A chemical hazard, the drug or a metabolite of the drug is present in the meat/milk of an animal |
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Term
| Why are microbial residues a concern? |
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Definition
-pharmacological effects on humans e.g. allergies
-consumer perception
-export/trade |
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Term
| How can you prevent microbial residues? |
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Definition
Keep record of animal IDs & treatments
Clear labelling with dose, how to administer, length of treatment & withdrawal period
Educate via Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank
Quality Assurance Programs
Livestock Medicines Programs
Systematic & random testing of products |
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Term
| Is antimicrobial residue a concern in canada? |
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Definition
| Always, but we have a very low rate of violations! As evidenced by our long-term maintenance of animal product exports |
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Term
| Why is microbial resistance a concern? |
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Definition
-reduces ability to treat bacterial infections in humans & animals
-transmission through food supply = food safety issue
-occupational health implications (people working are exposed to resistant bacteria)
-economic implications
-public health issue |
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Term
| What are some of the human & animal health consequences of antimicrobial resistance? |
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Definition
-greater morbidity & mortality
-multi drug resistance could lead to inability to treat certain diseases
-loss of time in critical cases
-alternatives may be more toxic or less effective |
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Term
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Definition
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
-min concentration of antimicrobials required to inhibit growth of a colony |
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Term
| What might cause antimicrobial resistance to develop in a colony of bacteria |
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Definition
-bacteria develop genes for resistance through mutation
-bacteria pick up genes for resistance from other bacteria
-genes causing resistance may cluster together and move between bacteria as a unit |
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Term
| Why is using a long-term low dose antimicrobials to promote growth not a sensible management practice |
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Definition
| This selects for resistant populations of bacteria! |
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Term
| What are some of the important principles of antimicrobial resistance |
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Definition
-resistance to one drug will usually lead to resistance to others as well
-resistance in one area will eventually appear in other areas
-once resistance develops it is not likely to spontaneously decline |
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Term
| How can we try and minimize the development of antimicrobial resistance |
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Definition
-use antimicrobials only when needed
-use the right antimicrobial
-select microbials with a narrow spectrum
-consider importance to human medecine
-use correct dosage, correct intervals for administration
-manage animals to limit the need for antimicrobials e.g. vaccinate! |
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