Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Learning
N/A
32
Psychology
10th Grade
02/22/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Neutral response (NS)
Definition
Does not elicit a response
Term
Conditioned response
Definition
the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
Term
Delayed Conditioning
Definition
Occurs when the NS is presented jsut before the UCS with an overlap
It produced the strongest conditioning
Term
Trace Conditioning
Definition
When the NS is presented and then disappears before
The UCS appears
moderatly strong conditioning
Term
Simultaneous Conditioning
Definition
Occurs when the UCs and NS are together
weak conditioning
Term
Backward conditioning
Definition

The UCS comes before the NS

produces no conditioning

Term
Aversive conditioning
Definition
learning that involves a harmful stimulus or reinfroce
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition

After the CS is shown and the UCS does not occur
so the CR is not elicited. However, months later, the

CS elicits the CR, known as spontaneous recovery

Term
Generalization
Definition

When stimuli similar to CS also elicits the CR

Ex) if albert has a fear of mice, he might also

be afraif of a furry white rabbit

Term
Discrimination
Definition
Occurs when only the CS produces the CR
Term
High Order Conditioning
Definition

Occurs when a well-learned CS is paied with an NS to produce a CR to the NS

  • the old CS acts as a UCS
  • Becuase the UCS is not innate, the new CR  is not strong
  • Ex) if you taught your dog to salivate to a bell, then flashed a light just before you rang your bell, your dog could learn to salivate to the light without ever having food associated to it.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

an active subject voluntarily emites behaviors and can learn new behaviors

  • Both positive and negative reinforcement increase or strength desired behaviors
Term
Punishment
Definition
Decreases the likelihood of the undesirable behavior
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
reward training
Term
Premack Principle
Definition
a more probable behavior can be used as a reinforce for a less probable one
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition

takes away an aversive or unpleasant consequence after a behavior has been given

  • Avoidance: behavior takes away the stimulus before it even begins
  • Escape behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus after it had happened
Term
Omission training
Definition

a response by the learner is followed by taking away something of value to the learned

  • Ex) Children get time out until the behavior is changed
Term
Instrumental Conditioning
Definition
E.L. Thorndike
his law of effect states that behaviors followed by satisfying or positive consequences are strengthen while behaviors followed by annoying or negative consequences are weakened
Term
Stimulus
Definition
Change in environment that elicits a response
Term
Response
Definition
reaction to stimulus
Term
Reinforcers
Definition

Primary reinforcers: food water

Secondary reinforcers: something neural, when associated with primary reinforcers, it becomes rewarding

Generalized reinforcer: Money because it could be traded

Token economy: tokens are given to desired behavior and tokens can be used for other things

Term
Shaping
Definition

reinforcing close approximations of the desired behavior

  • Eventually creates the desired behavior
Term
Chaining
Definition
reward for a sequence of behaviors that eventually lead up to the desired behavior. Then later only rewarding for the final desired behavior
Term
Continuous reinforcement
Definition
schedule that provides reinforcement every time the behavior is emitted by the person
Term
Fixed ratio
Definition

reinforce the desired behavior after a specific number of responses have been made

  • every three times a rat presses a lever, it gets food
Term
Fixed interval
Definition

reinforce the first desired response made after a specific length of time results in a lots of behavior as the time for reinforcement approaches, but little behavior until the next time for reinforcements approaches

Ex) the teacher gives a test, the student will study the night before not after

Term
Variable Ratio
Definition

the number of responses needed before reinforcement occurs changes at random around an average

  • Slot machines, the more you play the higher the chances
Term
Variable interval
Definition

the amount of tiem that elapses before reinfrocement of the behavior changes

Ex) your teacher gives pop quizes, so you study every night

Term
Contiguity theory
Definition
classical conditioning is based on the assocation in time of the CS prior to the UCS
Term
latent learning
Definition
learning the absence of rewards
Term
Insight
Definition
all of a sudden you figured out the answer to a solution
Term
Observational learning
Definition
learning that occurs by watching the behavior of a model
Supporting users have an ad free experience!