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Definition
| Experience That Causes a Permanent Change |
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| A simple form of learning in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding |
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| Learning as purely behavioral without the need to invoke mental activity |
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| WHAT DOES THE BEHAVIORIST SAY ABOUT LEARNING? |
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| When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response |
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| something that reliably evokes a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
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| A reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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| something that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
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| a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| the phase when the CS and the US are presented together |
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| SECOND-ORDER CONDITIONING |
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Definition
| when the US has acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS |
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Definition
| the CS is presented without the US, resulting in a decline of the learned response |
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| the recovery of learned responding, post-extinction, after a rest period |
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Definition
| the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original CS |
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Definition
| the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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1. Trained to fear a white rat, which generalized to other similar stimuli
2. Bolstered Watson’s stance that learning and the environment are more important than genetics or personality in shaping behavior |
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Definition
| THE CASE OF LITTLE ALBERT |
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| The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning |
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Definition
| The Neural Elements of Classical Conditioning |
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| Expectation is critical for learning |
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Definition
| Cognitive elements of classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioning is easier with familiar/unfamiliar CS? |
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Term
| food aversion, food preference and biological preparedness |
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Definition
| Evolutionary elements classical conditioning |
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Definition
| a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
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| a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
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Definition
| Satisfying things tend to be repeated and unpleasant things are less likely to be repeated |
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| Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
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| any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of behavior that led to the stimulus or event that led to it |
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Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of behavior that led to the stimulus or event that led to it |
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Definition
| something desirable is presented |
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Definition
| something undesirable is removed |
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Definition
| something undesirable is administered |
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Definition
| something desirable is removed |
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| those that provide shelter, food, comfort, warmth |
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Definition
| those that have nothing to do with biological satisfaction |
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| NEUTRALITY OF REINFORCER -> PREMACK PRINCIPLE |
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Definition
| discerning which of two activities someone would rather engage in means that the preferred activity can be used to reinforce the nonpreferred activity (e.g., no TV until homework is done) |
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| OVER-JUSTIFICATION EFFECT |
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Definition
| external rewards can undermine intrinsic reward of performing a behavior |
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Definition
| a particular response only occurs when the appropriate stimulus is present |
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Definition
| a stimulus that is associated with reinforcement for a particular behavior in a particular situation (e.g., key pecking in a Skinner box) |
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Definition
| reinforcer is no longer presented following the learned behavior |
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| INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT |
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Definition
| only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
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| VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
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Definition
| LEARNING THAT RESULTS from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior |
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Term
Pleasure/reward centers (tend to be dopaminergic)
Neurons in the medial forebrain bundle have a pathway that run through hypothalamus into nucleus accumbens |
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Definition
| Neural elements of operant conditioning |
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| means-end relationship bu Edward Chace Tolman |
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Definition
| Cognitive element of operant conditioning |
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Definition
| the conditioning experience produced knowledge or belief that , in this particular situation, a specific reward (end)will appear if a specific response (means) is made |
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Definition
| a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
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| a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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Definition
| a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
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| misbehavior by organisms that was first identified by Marion and Kellar Breland |
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Definition
| EVOLUTIONARY ELEMENT OF OPERANT CONDITIONING |
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Definition
| a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Definition
| learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products off information acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| IMPLICIT LEARNING fMRI scanning? |
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Term
| left temporal lobe, right frontal lobe and parietal lobe |
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Definition
| EXPLICIT LEARNING fMRI scanning? |
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