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Learning
Chapter 6: Learning
31
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2008

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Term
Learning
Definition
Some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
Term
habituation
Definition
a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) or (US)
Definition
something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR) or (UCR)
Definition
a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
Term
acquisition
Definition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the UCS are presented together
Term
Second Order Conditioning
Definition
conditioning where the UCS is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS
Term
extinction
Definition
the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
Term
generalization
Definition
a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
Term
discrimination
Definition
the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
Term
biological preparedness
Definition
a propensity for learnign particular kinds of associations over others
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
Term
Law of effect
Definition
the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
Term
operant behavior
Definition
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
Term
reinforcer
Definition
any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
Term
punisher
Definition
any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
Term
over-justification effect
Definition
circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
Term
fixed interval schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
Term
variable interval schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
Term
fixed ratio schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
Term
variable ratio schedule
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
Term
intermittent-reinforcement effect
Definition
the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
Term
shaping
Definition
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
Term
latent learning
Definition
a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
Term
cognitive map
Definition
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
Term
observational learning
Definition
a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
Term
implicit learning
Definition
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
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