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| the process through which experience modifies pre- existing behavior and understanding |
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| we are constantly learning and _______ to new things/events in our environment |
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| instinctual behaviors are not _______ behaviors |
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| people seem to be genetically atuned to certain events or _______________ in our ___________ |
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| CHANGES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT |
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| what is it called when we are overly sensitive to something? |
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| process where we take some form of unchanging information and push it into the background |
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| the difference between classical and operant conditioning... |
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| in operant conditioning, one has control over how you react to the stimulus...unlike it classical conditioning where it is not controllable |
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| explain Thorndike's experiment |
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| placed a cat in his puzzle box to learn some response to escape from the box... once they get out, they get a treat |
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| if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by a reward, that response is more likely to be made the next time the stimulus is encountered |
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| Thorndike called his learning________ |
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| instrumental conditioning |
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| Skinner renames instrumental conditioning...... |
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| explain Skinner's experiments |
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| Skinner Box, he looked at rewards/punishments, used lab rats, |
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| behavioral response that has some effect on an organism's environment. A response that affects the world…it operates on the environment. |
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| consequence that increases the probability that a behavioral response will occur again. |
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| positive stimuli that act like rewards. Events that strengthen a response if they are experienced after that response occurs |
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| negative stimuli that, once removed, encourage or reinforce behavior. |
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| an organism learns behaviors that lead to an escape from an unpleasant situation (negative reinforcement). **the adverse stimulus must be there |
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| organism learns behaviors that allow it to completely avoid an unpleasant situation (negative reinforcement). the negative reinforcer is not actually there...simply trying to avoid it. Both CLASSICAL AND OPERANT LEARNING |
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| explain classical conditioning |
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| a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that already triggers a reflexive response until he neurtral stimlus alone evokes a similar response. |
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| an unlearned automatic response to a stimulus |
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| initially does not trigger the reflex being studied (horn, bell, etc.) |
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| The stimulus that already elicits a response without learning- meat |
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| the automatic, unlearned reaction to the UCS.- salivation |
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| example of conditioned stimulus- begins as neutral but after paired with UCS it can bring forth a response |
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| bell-begins as neutral but after paired with UCS it can bring forth a response |
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| example of conditioned response |
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| how does accomplish extiction in the example of the dog experiment? |
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the CS must occur repeatedly with out the UCS
• If you keep ringing the bell and stop giving the food the dog will no longer associate the 2 with each other |
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| What is reconditioning? is it easier than the original attempt to get a response from the dog? |
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| the relearning of a CR after extinction, requires fewer pairings than the original learning- it is easier the second time, doesn’t take as long. |
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| phenomenon of not needing as many pairings in reconditioning is known as |
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| when a person hears a song or smells a scent associated with a long lost lover and experiences a ripple of emotion- this is an example of ... |
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| • In general, the longer the time between extinction and the representation of the CS...the ______ the recovered conditioned response |
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spontaneous recovery- definition
example with dog |
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is the sudden reappearance of the R after extinction but without further CS- UCS
• Ringing the bell w/o the meat |
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| 1. Stimuli that resemble the CS may also trigger a CR, a condition called ... |
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| example of stimulus generalization |
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| • Example: if sailors learn fear responses to the “battle alert” siren, they may also feel fear after hearing a police or ambulance siren. |
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| what complements stimulus generalization... |
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| discrimination-. Organisms learn to differentiate among similar stimuli. |
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| the _______ of the CS relative to the UCS affects the speed of conditioning. |
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| which is more effective... forward or backward conditioning |
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| in forward conditioning the ___ PRECEDES the _____________ |
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| in forward conditioning the ___ PRECEDES the _____________ |
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| a good amount of time between the CS and UCS is ... |
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| a fraction of a second and a little over a minute |
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| backwards conditioning is... |
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simultaneous conditioning is ...
how often does it work |
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the CS and UCS (tone and treat) begin and end at the same time
- it rarely works |
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| how does signal strength affect classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| the stronger the signal of the CS, the more effective |
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| how does attention affect classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| if there are too many distractions, and or if the distractions are more prominent than the signal or the food it wont work |
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| if is insufficient that a CS and UCS are contiguous in time- merely occurring together. They must occur together reliably before classical conditioning occurs. Conditioning is quicker when the CS always signals |
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| 1. Extreme fears of objects or situations that do not reasonably warrant such intense fears are called---how are they applied to classical conditioning |
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| phobias; a bad situation conditions a person to feel fear of something... also in treatment uses systematic desensitization |
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| o Example: IF the dogs learn a salivation response to the sight of the dog feeder, and the feeder later begins wearing a particular aftershave (or white lab coat), the dogs may then learn to salivate to the smell of the aftershave (or the sight of doctor).- example of... |
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| second order conditioning |
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| how are phobias maintained? |
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| through avoidance conditioning (under operant learning) |
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| what occurs when a CS is paired with a new stimulus until the new stimulus elicits the CR. This learning produces typically weaker CRs that are more vulnerable to extinction |
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Definition
| second order conditioning |
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| stimulus discrimination/ discriminative stimuli |
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| stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made....occurs when an organism learns to make a particular response in the presence of one stimulus but not another. described as the stimulus being "under control" |
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| "The grandma effect" is an example of... |
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| why do we believe some stimulus are more associated with each other than others- |
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| perhaps because organisms are “genetically tuned” or “biologically prepared” to develop certain conditioned associations |
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| • When organisms perform a response in the presence of a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the one that previously signaled the availability of reinforcement |
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| taste aversion is an example of -- |
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what is taste aversion?
-why don't lights and sounds work |
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| i. A taste paired with nausea will lead to an aversion to the taste. A light and/or sound paired with nausea produces no aversion, no learning. |
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| which occurs first: stimulus discrimination or stimulus generalization? |
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| when applied to operant conditioning, means that it requires steps- reinforcing successive approximations |
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| events or stimuli that are intrinsically rewarding |
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| Food is an example of what type of reinforcer? |
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| another name for primary reinforcer... |
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| is a previously neutral stimulus that, if paired with a stimulus that is already reinforcing, will itself take on reinforcing properties |
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| another name for secondary reinforcer... |
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| money is an example of what type of reinforcer... |
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| what is the strongest/most effective schedule of reinforcement? |
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| continuous reinforcement schedules |
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| continuous reinforcement schedule |
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| every correct response earns a reward |
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| what are the 4 different types of partial reinforcement schedule? |
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Definition
1. fixed ratio
2. variable ratio
3. fixed interval
4. variable interval |
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| fixed ratio (FR) schedule |
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| give reward after a fixed number of responses |
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| example of fixed ratio schedule... |
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| gives a reward after an average number of response. aka "the vegas effect" |
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| reward the first response displayed after a fixed time interval. |
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| variable interval schedule |
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| reward the first response displayed after a varying time interval. |
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| presents an aversive stimulus or removes a pleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior |
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| difference between Punishment I and Punishment II |
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Punishment I: adding something unpleasant
Punishment II= penalty. taking away something good/pleasant |
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| Reinforcement always ______ behavior...punishment ___________ it |
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