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16
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
06/06/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Habituation vs Dishabituation
Definition

Habituation: decrease in response to a stimulus after it has become familiar.


Dishabituation: increase in response when a new stimulus is presented after a familiar stimulus. 

Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition

Association between stimuli.

 

 

Term
Pavlov's Dogs
Definition

US: food

UR: salivation

(biological reflex, independent of learning)

After food and neutral stimulus (bell) are repeatedly paired together;

CS: bell

CR: salivation,

Term
GENERALISATION
Definition

Product of classical conditioning.

Association expands to similar stimuli.

eg. Little Albert- phobia

Term
DISCRIMINATION
Definition

Responding only to specific stimuli.

To stop generalisation

Term
Extinction
Definition

Unlearning

Repeated presentation of US without CS- gradual so not forgetting.

Spontaneous Response: CS presented after extinction elicits a response

Term
Contiguity/ Contingency
Definition

Contiguity: optimum time by which CS must precede US.

 

Contingency: CS needs to be informative about upcoming US- assciation.

Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A spontaneous behaviour followed by a type of reinforcement which will change the likelihood of it reoccurring.
Term
LAW OF EFFECT
Definition

THORNDIKE

-Positive consequence (positive/negative reinforcement) increases chances of B. reoccuring.

 

-Negative consequence (positive/negative punishment) or no consequence will decrease chances of B. reoccuring.

Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition

Reinforcement doesn't occur in every trial.

·Ratio schedule: after a set number of responses.

·Interval schedule: after a set amount of time.

 

Term
SKINNER
Definition

Skinner's box: rats rewarded if right response- spontaneously got response. Would learn.


.Classical conditioning: Behaviour elicited by environment.

.Operant conditioning: Behaviour originates internally

Term
TOLMAN
Definition

Learning is aquiscition of new knowledge, not a change in behaviour.

Latent learning

 

Rats first placed in maze without reward. After a few days food was presentedThey found the food easily- evidence of earlier learning. Food just a motivation for particular B.

 

Mental Map: mental representation of spatial layout.

Term
Applications of operant cond.
Definition

-Depression: learned helplessness- lack of control

-Addiction: negative reinforcement

-Gambling: variable reinforcement

-ABA: treatment for autism- rewards small steps in B change towards goal.

Term
Observational learning
Definition

Vicarious


Mirror Neurons: fire when performing and observing a behaviour

Term
NEURAL PLASTICITY
Definition

Ability of brain to change structure and function in response to environment.- how responses are conditioned.

 

-Presynaptic facilitation: more NT released due to CS at end of training.

-Long-term potentiation: link between neurons- A repeatedly activates B, increasing Bs sensitivity to A.

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