Term
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Definition
enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience
STM-> LTM |
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Term
| What does the "enduring" aspect of the learning definition mean? |
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Definition
varies depending on whats learned.
Cycle of:
-Orientating response
-Habituation
When you first put on clothes you feel them, and then after wearing them throughout the day you don't feel them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Operant Conditioning? |
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Definition
| process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior |
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Term
| Who believed that rewarding consequences can make a spontaneuous behavior more likely to occyr again? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the law of effect? who labeled it? |
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Definition
| the consequences of bahavior that increase or deacrease the liklihood that the behavior will be displayed again |
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Term
| What was B.F. Skinner? What did he coin? |
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Definition
| Bahaviorist coined the term operant |
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Term
| What are the types of opperant conditioning? |
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Definition
Positive/Negative
and
Punishment or Reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
Primary reinforcers- satisfy biological needs (food, sex, water)
Secondary/Conditioned- learned needs/wants (money, grades, social approval) |
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Term
| What are the two types of reinforcers? |
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Definition
Primary reinforcers- satisfy biological needs (food, sex, water)
Secondary/Conditioned- learned needs/wants (money, grades, social approval) |
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Term
| If a reinforcer punishment is positive or negative, what does it mean? |
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Definition
Positive means something is added
Negative means something is removed
It does not mean good or bad |
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Term
| What is positive reinforcement? Example? |
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Definition
a stimulus is added to increase behavior.
-giving a dog a treat for doing something good |
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Term
| What is negative reinforcement? Example? |
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Definition
A stimulus is removed to increase that behaviors frequency.
-Seatbelt beeping, stops beeping (stimulus removed) once you put seatbelt on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus that aims to decrease frequency of a behavior |
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Term
| What is positive punishment? |
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Definition
The addition of a stimulus to decrease behavior
Ex: spanking (adding a stimulus) |
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Term
| What is negative punishment? |
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Definition
removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior
Ex: Take away TV |
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Term
| Did skinner believe that punishment or reinforcements are more effective in changing behaviors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are reinforcements more effective? |
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Definition
Reinforcement tells you to do exactly this to do the right thing.
Punishment tells you what not to do, but not exactly what the right thing is. You are left still not knowing if what you're doing is right. |
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Term
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Definition
| enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience. |
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Term
| What does "enduring" changes mean? |
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Definition
orinting response and habituation
OR-dark room w/one bright light-we focus on that.
H- after awhile we adjust to the darkness of the room and stop focusing as much on the light. |
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Term
| Give an example of orintating response and habituation? |
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Definition
OR-putting on clothes we feel them on our body,
H-after awhile we no longer notice the clothes are there. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect the two sources of info |
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Term
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Definition
| kittens hearing the drawer opening associate it with meal time. |
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Term
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Definition
| form of associative learning in which a behavior becomes more likely because the organism links that behavior with certain events in its environment. |
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Term
| What are the two types of conditioning? |
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Definition
| Classical and Operant Conditioning |
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Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the learner has an automatic inborn response. |
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Term
| Who demonstrated classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| Pavlov-Dogs salivating to a bell. |
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Term
| What term did Pavlov coin? |
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Definition
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Term
| What is an unconditioned response? |
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Definition
| automatic inborn response to a stimulus. |
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Term
| What is an unconditioned stimulus? |
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Definition
| environmental input that always produces the same unlearned response. |
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Term
| Without learning, the --- always produces the ---/ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a conditioned Stimulus? |
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Definition
| previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associtate with the UCS |
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Term
| What is a conditioned response? |
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Definition
| a bahavior that an organism learns to perform when presented witht the CS. |
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Term
What are the types of reinforcement?
As in how often does it occur. Which works better? |
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Definition
Continuous and Intermediate
Intermediate works better |
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Term
| What is continuous reinforcement? |
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Definition
| reinforcement of the behavior every time it occurs. |
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Term
| What is intermediate reinforcement? |
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Definition
| Doesn't occur after every response |
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Term
| What are the schedules of intermediate reinforcement? |
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Definition
| patterns of reinforcement behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| follows a set number of responses |
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Term
| What is a variable ratio? |
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Definition
| follows a different number of responses each time. Sometimes it might reinforce at only 2 touches, and others it might not happen 'til 10 |
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Term
| What is a fixed interval? |
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Definition
| set period of time passed |
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Term
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Definition
| random period of time has passed. |
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Term
| What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning? |
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Definition
Classical conditioning is the association between 2 stimuli outside its control and then creates an automatic response.
Operant is when an organism learns a behavior based on consequences of it |
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Term
| What are the challenges to the conditioning model? |
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Definition
| instinctive drift and latent learning |
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Term
| What is instinctive drift? Example. |
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Definition
Learned behavior shifts toward instinctive behavior
Racoons learn to take coin and put in piggy bank, but after awhile they shift back to their instincts and hide it other than the bank |
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Term
| What is the biological constraint model? Example |
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Definition
some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others
-humans are more likely to learn to speak a language than pigs are to fly a kites. |
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Term
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Definition
Tolman and hoznick 1930
learning occurs in absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the social learning theory? |
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Definition
| concerned with learning that occurs when we model or immatate the bahaviors of others |
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Term
| What is enactive learning? |
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Definition
| learning that takes place by doing |
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Term
| waht is observational learning? |
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Definition
| learning that takes place by watching |
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Term
| Which type of learning does the SLT use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the BoBo study show? What controversy? |
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Definition
kid watches aggressive behavior and then immates it: Social Learning theory.
Brings up the Violent TV controversy |
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Term
| What does showing a beer comercial and having fun show? |
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Definition
| that SLT also works thru watching the consequences of another persons actions |
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Term
| What is the interaction of Nature and Nurture that behaviorism believes in? |
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Definition
| Nurture believed to be the only one by watson and skinner |
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Term
| Today what is the interaction of Nature and Nurture believed to be? |
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Definition
| constaint intrxn between the brain and environment |
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Term
| What 4 processes illustrate the concept of Nature and nurture interactions in behaviorism? |
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Definition
impriniting
imitation
synaptic changes
brain growth thru enrichment |
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Term
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Definition
the rapid and innate learning of characteristics of caregiver soon after birth.
Lorenz's stuidies in ethology
Birds first sight is associated w/mother
Evidence of sensitivity period |
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Term
| What is a sensitivity period? |
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Definition
| a time when someone is more likely to learn- language is harder to learn when you're older. |
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Term
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Definition
fundamenal to the way in which humans and other primates learn
Related to Mirror neurons
Just by watching we can do it.
Autism is believed to have a deficit in mirror neurons |
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Term
| What is synaptic changes? |
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Definition
neurons that fire together wire together
our brains grow/change as we learn
Practice makes perfect |
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Term
| What is brain growth thru environment? |
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Definition
Rats in enriched or normal environment grow more connections, to run mazes faster, than impoverished rats.
This occurs in adult rats too proving that we always need new forms of stimulation for brain health |
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