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| learning that certain events (two stimuli, in classical conditioning) occur together. |
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| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus(US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
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| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
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| in classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
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| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response. |
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| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. |
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| in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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| the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. |
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| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. |
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| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
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| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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| in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| learning that certain events (a response and its consequences in operant conditioning)occur together. |
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| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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| a chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
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| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
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| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |
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| innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. |
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| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
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| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
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| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
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| a mental representation of a layout of one's environment. |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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| learning by observing others |
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| process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
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| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. |
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