Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers.  This best illustrates the impact of _______ on learning.

A. spontaneous recovery

B. conditioned reinforcers

C. shaping

D. cognitive processes

E. biological predispositions

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

A. shaping

B. survival

C. extrinsic motivation

D. prosocial behavior

E. social interaction

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

A. generalization

B. shaping

C. modeling

D. discrimination

E. delayed reinforcement

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

A. punishing

B. extinguishing

C. discriminating

D. modeling

E. generalizing

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

A. observational learning

B. classical conditioning

C. operant conditioning

D. latent learning

E. insight

Rhesus macaque monkey are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys.  This best illustrates the impact of
A. observational learning

B. immediate reinforcement

C. spontaneous recovery

D. respondent behavior

E. shaping

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called _______ reinforcers.

A. fixed

B. primary

C. positive

D. continuous

E. unconditioned

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise.  In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

A. unconditioned stimulus

B. unconditioned response

C. conditioned stimulus

D. conditioned response

E. preconditioned stimulus

Alexis is addicted to drugs.  The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings.

A. primary reinforcer

B. operant chamber

C. US

D. CS

E. CR

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad.  Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

A. habituation

B. latent learning

C. generalization

D. delayed reinforcement

E. shaping

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

A. cognitive processes

B. biological predispositions

C. environmental factors

D. continuous reinforcement

E. latent learning

Watson to the study of learning?

A. He challenged the prevailing belief that all associations can be learned equally well

B. He demonstrated that the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response

C. He showed how the law of effect can be used to teach new behaviors

D. He explained how partial reinforcement schedules can be used to maintain learned behaviors

E. He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begines to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb.  This best illustrates the process of

A. generalization

B. extinction

C. classical conditioning

D. latent learning

E. operant conditioning

Dr. Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences.  Dr. Kingston's emphasis best illustrates

A. behaviorism

B. the law of effect

C. prosocial behavior

D. a biopsychosocial approach

E. cognitive-behavioral approach

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors.  This is an example of

A. latent learning

B. instinctive drift

C. the law of effect

D. spontaneous recovery

E. operant conditioning

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

A. studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes

B. inserting coins into a slot machine

C. paying a cashier for a candy bar

D. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

E. assembling car parts in a factory

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called

A. shaping

B. behaviorism

C. observational learning

D. the law of effect

E. latent learning

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks

A. experience extinction

B. underwent spontaneous recovery

C. developed learned helplessness

D. experienced a discriminative stimulus

E. developed a conditioned reinforcer

Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?

A. automatic

B. reflexive

C. voluntary

D. instinctive

E. unlearned

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.  The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

A. generalization

B. latent learning

C. shaping

D. extinction

E. reinforcement

Closing your bedroom door so that you won't hear the TV that is interfereing with your studying is an example of

A. positive reinforcement

B. conditioned reinforcers

C. partial reinforcement

D. negative reinforcement

E. punishment

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.

A. positive

B. negative

C. secondary

D. partial

E. delayed

Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face.  This best illlustrates

A. shaping

B. generalization

C. the law of effect

D. negative reinforcement

E. punishment

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

A. classical conditioning

B. delayed reinforcement

C. latent learning

D. generalization

E. shaping

Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.  Introspection forms no exxential part of its mehtods."

A. Albert Bandura

B. John Garcia

C. John B. Watson

D. Carl Rogers

E. Sigmund Freud

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning.  This suggests that associative learning involves

A. negative reinforcement

B. cognitive processes

C. spontaneous recovery

D. shaping

E. continuous reinforcement

Most animals are best conditioned through reinforcers delivered immediately after the desired behavior is performed.  What are these reinforcers called?

A. unconditioned

B. conditioned

C. partial

D. immediate

E. primary

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as _______ is to _______.

A. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer

B. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

C. discrimination; generalization

D. partial reinforcement; continous reinforcement

E. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Your heart may race when confronted by a lion but not when approached by a kitten.  This best illustrates the adaptive value of

A. shaping

B. discrimination

C. extrinsic motivation

D. spontaneous recovery

E. negative reinforcement

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of

A. respondent behavior
B. spontaneous recovery

C. negative reinforcement

D. observational learning

E. intermittent reinforcement

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

A. acquisition; extinction

B. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer

C. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

D. punishment; reinforcement

E. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A. conditioned stimulus

B. unconditioned stimulus

C. unconditioned stimulus

D. conditioned stimulus

E. neutral stimulusu

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths.  This discovery pointed to the significance of

A. intrinsic motives

B. mirror neurons

C. extrinsic motives

D. cognitive maps

E. unconditioned stimuli

Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes.  If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food.  Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?

A. learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

B. reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, redicing intrinsic motivation

C. a continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning

D. conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned associateion with primary reinforcers

E. any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

A. latent learning

B. delayed reinforcement

C. generalization

D. secondary reinforcement

E. spontaneous recovery

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)

A. physiological psychologist

B. cognitive psychologist

C. behaviorist

D. psychoanalyst

E. operant conditioner

Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?

A. a dog conditioned to salivate to a low-pitched tone

B. a little boy who doesn't run into the street after being reprimanded by his mother

C. a rat that has developoed a taste aversion to a vanilla-flavored solution paired with a drug

D. a pigeon in a Skinner box that learns to peck at a button to receive a food pellet

E. a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal.  Mr. Sterber's reaction most clearly illustrates

A. negative reinforcement

B. observational learning

C. learned helplessness

D. partial reinforcement

E. latent learning

As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate.  Your salivation is best explained by

A. classical conditioning

B. observational learning

C. habituation

D. operant conditioning

E. latent learning

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach.  This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?

A. operant conditioning

B. classicial conditioning

C. observational learning

D. insight learning

E. latent learning

The way slow machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

A. spontaneous recovery

B. partial reinforcement

C. generalization

D. shaping

E. continuous reinforcement

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

A. generalization

B. spontaneous recovery

C. secondary reinforcement

D. latent learning

E. shaping

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as _________ is to ________.

A. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

B. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

C. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer

D. reinforcement; punishment

E. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

A Skinner box is a(n)

A. soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise

B. aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurence of certain undersirable behaviors

C. "slot marchine" used to study the effects of partialreinforcement on human gambling practices

D. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

E. television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

A. delayed

B. negative

C. partial

D. conditioned

E. positive

Psychologists are skeptical about the existence of ESP because

A. ESP researchers frequently accept evidence that they know is faudulent

B. there is no way to scientifically test claims of ESP

C. many apparent demonstrations of ESP have been shown to be staged illusions

D. ESP experiments show the impact of ESP, but correlational studies do not

E. researchers have difficulty finding participants for ESP studies

The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by

A. the Young-Helmholtz theory

B. the gate-control theory

C. place theory

D. frequency theory

E. the opponent-process theory

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the

A. optic nerve

B. sensory receptors

C. cerebral cortex

D. feature detectors

E. occipital lobe

If an adult develops cataracts, his or her

A. absolute threshold for light is likely to increase

B. differenct threshold for light is likely to decrease

C. absolute threshold for light is likely to decrease

D. difference threshold for light is likely to remain unchanged

E. absolute threshold for light is likely to remain the same

Which of the following best explains why children are more likely to resist eating strong-tasting foods?

A. sensory interaction makes certain foods more unpleasant to taste

B. young children have more taste receptors, so their sensitivity to taste is greater

C. children are more strongly influenced by the McGurk effect than adults are

D. receptor cells on a child's tongue are replaced more slowly than those of adults

E. only children are deterred from eating foods with aversive tastes