Aristotle -- 2000 yrs ago

John Locke -- 200 yrs ago (tabula rasa)

David Hume -- 200 yrs ago

learning that events occur together

snail with water and shock

seal with ball balance and fish

Ivan Pavlov

1849-1936

Pavlov's dog

Russian physician/ neurophysiologist

Nobel prize in 1904

studied digestive secretions

unconditioned response: dog salivating

unconditioned stimulus: food in mouth

neutral stimulus: tone

conditioned stimulus: former neutral stimulus when dog reacts to it (tone)

conditioned response: salivation to the tone

Female (US) = Approach (UR)

Red light (CS) + female (US) = Approach

Red light (CS) = CR

Males approached females more quickly and released more sperm

initial stage of learning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

CS+US

diminishing of the CR

In classical conditioning, when the US does not follow a CS

reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR;

after a brief pause, allows a chance that they still remember

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to illicit similar responses

Little Albert - furry things

acquisition

extinction with CS alone

pause

Spontaneous recovery of CR

extinction with CS alone

believes you can't quantify internal processes, only outward behavior; developed the "coffee break"

viewed psychology as an objective science

carried out by John B. Watson

there are no learned fears of most things as a baby;

pots and pans at the sight of the rat creates fear

fear of rat generalized to other animals

based on a learned response, he is now afraid of many other things

behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished by punishment;

occurs as an automatic response to stimulus; see this in classical conditioning

ex: dog salivating, little Albert cringing

operates (acts) on environment; produces consequences;

reinforcing a behavior an animal already knows how to do and shaping natural sequence of behavior

Ex: Seaworld

scientist who developed behavioral technology

His box allows animals to push a level to receive a reward

Getting animals to respond in order to reward schedule

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows; anything that makes a behavior more likely;

can be positive or negative

always good, never bad

reinforces guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

taking what an animal can do and controlling its behavior

ex: teacher on one side of the classroom

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer

this is the secondary reinforcer

Examples: Money that can buy primary reinforcers

reinforcing a response only part of the time

results in slower acquisition

greater resistance to extinction

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

gambling, fishing, chicago cubs fans

very hard to extinquish because of unpredictability

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed;

response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

produces slow steady responding

like a pop quiz

punishment

positive

negative

aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

two types

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

i.e. cab driver

After exploring a maze, rats act as if they have one of these when incentives are provided

desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

providing a paycheck is an example

learning by observing others

most animals do this

imitation comes from this

-behaviors learned from other individuals

-customary/habitual: shown by relevant individuals

- not trial and error; not a result of eco or geo factors

- present in one site and absent in another eco-similar site

tool use

nest building

raspberry sounds before going to bed

vertebrates

brain, CNS, spinal cord

holds a few items briefly; look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the info is forgotten

visual or auditory stimuli can go here

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory

two types : explicit and implicit

a type of long term memory where we remember facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare; amnesia damages this

synonymous with declarative memory

a type of long term memory; retention independent of conscious recollection; knowing how to do something like a basic fn;

synonymous with procedural memory

a type of encoding which is unconscious of incidental info;

time

space

frequency

well learned info

- word meanings

doesnt require rehearsal or strong focus

well known for reasearch in the field of memory; tested subjects with nonsense syllables like TUV ZOF GEK WAV;

determined the more times practiced on day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on day 2

distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice

those who learn quickly forget quickly

-Ebbinghaus

tendency to recall the 1st and last items in a list better than others

Primacy effect

Recency Effect

works for short string of items or overtime also

recalling words that are distinctive or apparently different, relative to other words or context

e.g. artichoke when saying words dealing with sleep

"constructing" memorys from info; making false information into memory;

e.g. hearing the word sleep in the sequence of words

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; can occur automatically or effortfully;

e.g. the use of acronyms:

HOMES: Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior

change at a synapse so it becomes more efficient

the sending neuron lowers threshold to release neurotransmitter

the receiving neuron has increased receptors

Karl Lashley

Let rats learn a maze then lesion their cortex and tested their memory. The lesion of the cortex did not seem to effect the memory of the rats. Therefore memory must be stored elsewhere

How does storage work?

Who tested this question?

trouble recalling verbal info and harder to put new info into storage

effects visual designs and memory of location

what happens if each side of the hippocampus is damaged:

Left:

Right:

amnesia

anterograde

retrograde

loss of memory

2 types

inability to form new memories; implicit memory remains intact, but individual lack awareness of it

inability to recall memories (prior to insult); implicit memory often remains intact; this form is more rare

e.g. Jason Bourne

Recall

Recognition

Relearning

type of retrieval where a person must retrieve info learned earlier

e.g. a fill-in-the-blank test

method of retrieval where a person has only to indentify items previously learned

e.g. a multiple choice test

Priming

Deja vu

Mood-congruent Memory

State-dependent memory

Context effects

cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience

happens when more sleep deprived or stressed

has a hard time getting encoded into short term memory

recalling experiences consistent with one's current mood

Memory,emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues

possibly associated with the amygdala

FORGETTING-absent mindedness, Transience,Blocking

DISTORTION- Misattribution, Suggestability, Bias

INTRUSION- Persistence

absentmindedness

Transience -- storage decay

Blocking -- inaccessability

information just isnt there

misattribution - confusing the source

suggestability - misinformation

bias

false memories or clouded memories, erroneous

interference

proactive

retroactive

learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information;

2 types

Fisher and Geiselman (1992)

Ask more open ended questions to set the scene for a more accurate testimony

Attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattributed)

Childrens Memory - Mr. Science

a person's identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience.

sometimes induced by a wellmeaning therapist

injustice and incest and forgetting happen;

recovered memories are commonplace

memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are most unreliable

memories before age 3 are unreliable

memories, false or real, can be upsetting

concept formation

problem solving

decision making

judgement formation

info processing

attention

memory

thinking where we use a mental image or best example of a category to quantify; accurate or erroneous

e.g. 5'5" poetry lover with glasses = classics prof

thinking process that is sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy based solutions; uses heuristic processing

right temporal lobe is activated during problem solving; cortical phenomenon unique to humans

inability in thinking to see a problem from a new perspective; impediment to problem solving; trying to solve every problem the same way

Match-stick problem

three-jugs problem

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past, but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

B-A-2C = amount of water

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; can be an impediment in problem solving;

Apollo 13 didnt have this problem because they fixed O2 tank filters with sock and duct tape

judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant info;

e.g. Juan Williams' Islam on planes statement getting him fired from NPR

biological predispositions - harm to us

control - more cautious when not in control

immediate - immediate future most important

Available to Memory - things recent are great concerns

in thinking, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

e.g. best way to market ground beef? 25% fat or 75% lean?

smallest distinctive sound unit

consonants or vowels

40 phonemes combine to produce. ..

100,000 morphemes combine to produce. . .

616,500 words in the Dictionary

syntax

bird song has syntax!

left;

so is hand function

discriminate speech sounds and read lips

babbling stage; utter spontaneous sounds at first unrelated to household language

one word stage

two word stage & telegraphic speech w/ nouns and verbs

What can babies do in terms of language at 4 months?

3-4 months?

1-2?

~2?