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Learning
N/A
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/25/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Learning

Definition

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Term

Behaviorism

Definition

the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant

Term
Conditioning
Definition

Basic Learning; associations between environmental stimuli and the organisms response.

Term

Association

Definition

Linking two events/stimuli that occur together in space or time

Term

Classical conditioning

Definition

Process by which a previous neutral stimulus elicits a response through association with a stimulus that already exists or later response. (Ivan Pavlov)

Term

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Definition

before the unconditional response, in the absence of learning

Term
Unconditional Response
Definition

Reflective response from an unconditional stimulus(ex: mouth waters when seeing food)

Term

Conditional Stimulus

Definition

Neutral stimulus that is associated after the unconditional stimulus and response

Term

Conditional Response

Definition

response to a conditional stimulus

Term

Extinction

Definition
diminishing, weakening or the eventual disappearance of a learned response
Term

Spontaneous Recovery

Definition

reappearance of a learned response of a rest period(extinction)

Term
Generalization
Definition

after conditioning; the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles the original conditioning (ex: child is afraid of a mouse, he generalizes that he is also afraid of bunnies)

Term

Discrimination

Definition

learned ability to distinguish between two stimuli and respond differently. (ex: child is afraid of mouse. Sees a bunny and likes it)

Term
Counter Conditioning
Definition

reversing the effects of conditioning; pairing a stimulus that elicits a response incompatible with an unwanted response (ex: teaching the child not to be afraid of mice)

Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

Trial and error learning (B.F. Skinner)

Term

Law of Effect

Definition

frequency of a behavior is a function/operation of the consequences that follow the behavior (positive consequences strengthen behavior negative weakens it)

Term
Fixed
Definition

set (a quantity)

Term

Ratio

Definition

Behavior (response)

Term

Variable

Definition

changing

Term
Interval
Definition

time period

Term
Shaping
Definition

rewarding desired behavior

Term

Behavior Changing

Definition

set of discrete behaviors sequenced in a particular order

Term

Punishment

Definition

stimuli/event weakens the probability of responses that it follows

Term

Reasoning Rationally

Definition

mental process that generates propositions (judging, predicting)

Term

Deductive Reasoning

Definition
a conclusion that follows from a set of observations (Formal Logic) Ex: All professors love teaching, Jane is a professor.
Term

Inductive Reasoning

Definition
COULD BE FALSE; conclusion that follows from a set of observations. (Formal Logic)
Term

Heuristics

Definition

Rule of Thumb; suggests a course of action/guide problem solving doesn't guarantee an optimal solution (Informal Reasoning)

Term

Dialectical Thinking

Definition

Opposing facts/ideas are weighted and compared with a view to determining the best solution or resolving the diffences (Informal Reasoning)

Term

Algorithm

Definition

set of procedures that are guaranteed to produce a solution even if there is no understanding

Term
Availability Heuristics
Definition

Exaggerating the improbable, estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. assuming great events are common (Barrier to Learning)

Term

Representative Heuristics

Definition

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes (Barrier to Learning)

Term
Framing
Definition

how an issue is framed can significantly affect decision and judgment (95% verses 5% most go with 95%)Barrier to Reasoning

Term

Confirmation Bias

Definition

pays attention to info to confirm their own belief(barrier to reasoning)

Term
Fixation/Mental Sets
Definition

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective(barrier to reasoning)

Term

Functional Fixation

Definition

tendency to perceive the function of objects as fixed/unchanging. (pushing on a door that says pull) Barrier to reasoning

Term
Overconfidence/Hindsight Bias
Definition

tendency to overestimate one's ability to predict the future (barrier to reasoning)

Term

Need for Cognitive Consistency

Definition

When there is inconsistency between behavior and belief Ex: smoking is bad, yet some still do it.

Term

Belief Perseverance

Definition

clinging to one initial conception after the bases has been discredited. Ex: continuing with their belief even when they know they're wrong

Term

Cognitive Distance

Definition

State of tension. Hold two opposing views/beliefs

Term

Memory

Definition

Internal record of a prior event/experience. Set of mental processes that receives, encodes, organizes, stores, alters, and retreives information overtime

Term

Sensory Memory

Definition
memory system, mentally preserves extremely accurate sensory information
Term
Short-time Memory
Definition

Working Memory; limited capacity, in the retina of the eye for a brief period

Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition

Storing information relatively permanent

Term
Explicit/Declarative
Definition

In Long-Term Memory; with conscious recall

Term

Semantic

Definition

general knowledge Ex: What happened on 9/11? (words)

Term

Episodic

Definition

personal experience Ex: where were you on 9/11?

Term
Implicit/NonDeclaritive
Definition

unconscious recall

Term
Procedural
Definition

learned actions/skills. Ex: riding a bike. (Long-term memory)

Term
Recall
Definition

must retrieve information learned earlier (fill in the blank tests)

Term
Recognition
Definition

identify items previously learned (multiple choice)

Term

Relearning

Definition
asses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time (pop quizzes)
Term
Priming
Definition

Activation, often unconsciously, bring old memory to strengthen new information.

Term

Mnemonic Devices

Definition
strategies used to improve memory
Term
Primary Reinforcement
Definition

needing of things necessary to live (water, sleep)

Term

Secondary Reinforcer

Definition

wanting, learned, (money)

Term
Cannon and Bard
Definition

stimulating events causes emotions and physical changes (sweating and muscle tension)

Term

James and Lange

Definition

Emotion happens as a result of physical changes (heart rate increases)

Term

Schatcher and Singer

Definition

emotion is cognitive (suspension theory- man stands on rigidity bridge, heart races, sees a woman and thinks his heart is racing because of her, Love)

Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition

Past information hinders/ is incompatible with new information

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