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Learning Theory
Exam I
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/23/2011

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Term
Transfer
Definition
The appearance of a previously learned behavior in a situation other than the one in which it was learned (Key to successful education)
Term
Generalization
Definition
TRANSFER occurs to the extent that two situations ARE SIMILAR
Term
Identical Elements Model
Definition
TRANSFER occurs to the extent that two situations share common stimulus elements
Term
Identical Elements Model
Definition
S(2)= #Of shared stimuli/# of stimuli in the transfer situation

1 shared stimuli/3 total transfer stimuli = .333
MORE SHARED STIMULI=MORE TRANSFER
Term
Formal Discipline Model
Definition
The belief that training can strengthen specific mental abilities
Term
Mental Muscle Theory OR Phrenology
Definition
Study of the bumps on the skull (Thorndike disproved this theory)
Term
Transposition
Definition
TRANSFER based on the RELATIONSHIP among the stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves (Melodies) "Transfer based on relationship"
Term
Behavior Loss (Forgetting)
Definition
The failure of a previously learned behavior to appear
Term
Behavior Loss (Forgetting) is due to: DISUSE//DECAY
Definition
Time=Carrier Variable

Carrier Variable is a variable that does not itself cause anything to happen but which carries along w it causated agents
ex. pigeons after 12 years still knew how to get into the missle. No decay
Term
Extinction
Definition
Removal of a reinforcer
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
Any event that maintains a behavior

Ie ignoring a child who is acting out so the child is not reciving the attention he wants so he stops
Term
Response Competition
Definition
Loss occurs when a response learned at one point in time interfears with a recall of a response learned at another point in time (Interfearence)

Picture of a house S1: T1 House//T2 Casa
Term
Proactive Interfearence
Definition
When a PREVIOUSLY learned response interfears w the recall of a more recently learned response

Condition: T1 T2 Recall
Experiment List 1 List 2 List 2
Control: ------- List 2 List 2
Term
Example of Proactive Interfearence
Definition
Ebbing House-Introspectionist (Father of memory research)
Every list he memorized interfeared with another list
Term
Retroactive Interfearence
Definition
A RECENTLY learned response interfears with the recall of a previously learned response

Condition: T1 T2 RECALL
Experiment: List 1 List 2 List 2
Control: List 1 ------ List 1
Term
Situational Variation
Definition
You learn better when you recall things in the same situation (when you drink alochol before you study, you should drink before the exam)
Term
Empirical Theories
Definition
1.Learn through experience
2.Inductive in nature
Instantation (examples of concept)
Individual Experience
Term
Characteristics of EMPIRICISM
PASSIVE MIND
Definition
Stores experiences like a sponge// reflects like a mirror// molds like clay
Is not involved in learning
Term
Paradox of Menon
Definition
If you don't know it how will you reconize it in the first place?
Term
Aristotle (Father of Empiricism)
Definition
Says that we learn by concepts (or a collection of ideas)
Term
Aristotle's 3 laws of Association
Definition
Contiguity
Similarity
Contrast
Term
Aristotle's 3 laws of Association
1.Contiguity
Definition
Idea of experience that occur together tend to associate (table and chair)

Emp. Modern Psych only use contiguity
Term
Aristotle's 3 laws of Association
2.Similarity
Definition
Ideas of similar experience tend to associate (Different types of triangles are still triangles)
Term
Aristotle's 3 laws of Association
3.Contrast
Definition
Ideas of contrasting experiences tend to associate (Black and White)
Term
Aristotle's 3 laws of Association
Definition
Tells us how associations are created in the first place
Term
Secondary Laws of Association:British Emperists (1550-1850)
Definition
1.Law of Frequency
2.Law of Effect
3.Recency
Term
Secondary Laws of Association:British Emperists (1550-1850)
1.Law of Frequency
Definition
The more often an association is made, the stronger it becomes (Law of practice, practice makes perfect)
Term
Secondary Laws of Association:British Emperists (1550-1850)
2.Law of Effect
Definition
The consequences of association effect its strength (rewards and punishers SKINNER)
Term
Secondary Laws of Association:British Emperists (1550-1850)
3.Recency
Definition
The last association made tends to be the strongest
Term
Secondary Laws of Association:British Emperists (1550-1850)
3.Recency
Definition
The last association made tends to be the strongest
Term
Secondary Laws of Association:British Emperists (1550-1850)
Definition
Tells us how ideas are strengthened and weakened

Began to expand on Aristotle's theories
Locke/Hume/Hobbs/Mill/Berkeley
Term
Tabula Rasa: John Locke BRITISH EMPIRISIST
Definition
Mind is blank slate and is written on through experiences
Term
Laws of association (OPERATIONIALIZED)
Definition
1.Contiguity Operationalized
2.Law of Frequency Operationalized
Term
Laws of association (OPERATIONIALIZED)
1.Contiguity
Definition
Conditioning- refers to S -> R learning
A stimulus and response that occur together tend to form a relationship
Term
Laws of association (OPERATIONIALIZED)
2.Law of Frequency
Definition
The more often a S -> R relationship occurs together, the stronger the relationship becomes
Term
Respondent Conditioning:
Models Law of Association
Definition
Experience or recall of one object will tend to elicit the recall of things similar to that object
Term
Respondent Condtioning S->R learning
OPERATIONAL DEF CONTIGUITY
Definition
Stimulus and response that occur together tend to form a relationship
Term
RESPONDENT CONDITIONING Operational def: Frequency
Definition
The more often a S -> R occur together the stronger the relationship becomes
Term
RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
AQUISITION
Definition
Uncond. Reflex:
Uncond.Stimulus -------> UR (CR) "fear"
Conditioned Reflex
Neutral stim(CS) "NO"---> UR (CR) "fear"

No 1st then 1/2 sec spank child

Acquisition refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.
Term
Backward conditioning
AQUISITION
Definition
Present the US first then CS
US ----> UR (CR) Salvation
NS(CS)-> UR (CR) Salvation

Tone and food = correct
Food and tone = Not correct (BC)

a form of classical conditioning where the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
LOSS in Respondent Conditioning
Definition
Extinction
Term
Extinction in RC
Definition
Removal of a reinforcer- (whats maintaing the behavior)
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
Natuarally occuring (born to be reinforced) Pavlov = US (food in mouth)
Term
Secondary Reinforcer/ Conditioned Reinforcer (CS)
Definition
"Learned reinforcer"
We can rid the primary reinforcer but need to occasionally present the primary reinforcer so the Conditioned reinforcer does not become extinct
Term
"Higher Order" conditioning
Definition
1st CS=Tone ----> Salvation
2nd tone ----> Salvation
is a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus.
+ light
Term
Emotional Learning
Definition
An emotion is any behavior with a large IN voluntary component
Term
SKINNER : PAVLOV
Definition
Skinner Operant Model/Conditioning = VOLUNTARY RESPONSES
2-Factor theory of learning

Pavlov: Involuntary response: Emotional/Respondent Conditioning
Term
AQUISITION
Definition
Acquisition refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.
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