Term
Classical Conditioning
-John Watson's Experiment |
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Definition
-subject was child named Albert
-Albert was placed in presence of white bunny
-Watson would sound harsh loud noise which would startle the child
-Child began to associate the bunny with the noise and became scared of it
-Example of classic conditioned phobic response in humans
Unconditioned reaction - automatic natural response to loud noise |
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Term
| Things that affect Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
-have to pair factors up
*this turns into a signaling device
-neutral stimulus becomes a cue that something else will come later
*must be connected in time to have effect
-the state of the individual matters
*if they are drugged up on xanax probably wont be startled by gong
-experience of individual with the stimulus matters
*hard to replace expectations with a certain stimulus
*like martinis on fridays, if you have a few too many and are hung over the next day, unlikely you will stop martinis on fridays b/c you have had positive experiences
-environmental features
*may be hard for individual to focus on relevant stimulus with many things going on at once
*distracting one stimulus with another
-some stimuli are hard to condition
*daffodil would be hard to cue for pain and suffering
*with enough effort you could make it happen, but it would be hard |
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Term
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Definition
-B.F. Skinner's process, reinforcement concepts
-behavior is a function of reinforcement
-basically if you do something, there is an outcome
*good, bad, or irrelevant outcomes can result
*how supersticious behaviors can result |
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Term
| 4 Behavioral Consequences in Operant Learning |
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Definition
Adding Positive Reinforcement
-add positive stimulus
-increases behavior
Response Cost
-remove positive stimulus
-decreases behavior
Punishment
-add negative stimulus
-decreases behavior
Negative Reinforcement
-removing bad stimulus increases behavior
*note: reinforcing outcomes is more effective; punishment hard to do because it must happen all the time and be severe or someone will get away with it |
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Term
| What are the different schedules of reinforcement? |
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Definition
-Fixed Ratio Schedule
*continuous reinforcement
*every 5th response
-Variable Ratio Schedule
*random reinforcement
* on avg every 5th response
-Fixed Interval Schedule
*reinforcement is only given if behavior is exhibited at a certain length of time
*5 minute intervals
*behavior tends to rapidly increase when that interval is about to end
-Variable Interval Schedule
*similar to the variable ratio only reinforcement occurs after an average length of time passes if the behavior is being performed when reinforcement is intended |
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Term
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Definition
-doing something consistent with our values, even though nothing else in the world is happening
-behaving in the way that I believe is the right way to behave is reinforcing
-although I may be tempted to do something ewhich would reinforce itself in a different way, I say I will not do that because it is not consistent with my values and I assert my autonomy
-ex: wanting to lose wait ot stay healthy |
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Term
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Definition
-bribery -> positive stimulus given before the action takes place
-social learning involves reinforcement processes
-generalization - generalize behavior from the learning setting to a more general environment
-discrimination ->quit doing learned behavior |
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Term
Social Learning (Bandura)
-Role of Reinforcement
-Factors Influencing Observation |
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Definition
Rather than emphasis being placed upon association and reinforcement between stimuli or responses and stimuli, learning via observation of others is of central concern.
-Role of Reinforcement
*vicarious reinforcement -> if a person sees another person perform an act that has positive results, the observer is more likely to act in a similar fashion
*vicarious punishment -> if a persone sees another person perform an act that has negative results, the observer is less likely to act in a similar fashion
-Factors Influencing Observation
*Similarity -> how similar we are to person we are observing (age, sex, education, ethnicity, etc)
*Relationship/Identification -> involves elements of similarity, but also includes the degree to which we wish to be like the individual. For many people, imitating parents and other family members is a function of identification. Imitating the behaviors and attitudes of well-known celebrities also reflects the concept.
*Authority status -> dont want to learn how to swing a golf club from Priya, want to learn how to swing a golf club from Tiger Woods!
*Values -> |
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Term
Common Concepts
-extinction
-spontaneous recovery
-generalization
-discrimination
-cueing or priming |
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Definition
Extinction
-occurs when a response is no longer emitted due to a lack of reinforcement
Spontaneous Recovery
-the spontaneous display of a previously extinguished response to a stimulus or to a situation
Generalization
-the process in which a response occurs to stimuli that have not been conditioned or to situations in which it has not been previously reinforced
Discrimination
-refers to the occurrence of a response only to the specific stimulus to which it is conditioned [classical conditioning] or only to the specific situation in which it was learned [operant and social learning].
-For example, if a child is bitten by a black dog and only becomes fearful around black dogs, but not around other dog.
Cueing or Priming
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Term
| How can Learning Principles be applied to medicine and prevention? |
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Definition
Public Health and Prevention
Psychiatric Illness
Behavioral Treatments/Interventions
Medical Compliance |
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Term
| What areas of public health can learning principles be applied? |
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Definition
-STDS
-Nutrition (obesity)
*so far public programs have not been very effective; people like the immediate gratification of bad food
-Exercise
-Prenatal Care
-Smoking
*public programs have also not been effective; negative results are remote, physical addiction
-Pregnancy Prevention
-Seatbelt Usage |
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Term
| How can learning principles be applied to Psychiatric Disorders? |
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Definition
-Depression
*behavioral etiology of depression depends on decreases in the positive interactions with the environment and increases in “painful” outcomes. As the person experiences unpleasant events, s/he withdraws from interacting with the world and has even fewer opportunities for successful outcomes
*learned helplessness
-Addiction
*the individual engages in a behavior, whether smoking, drug use, eating, or gambling, that results in an improved emotional and/or physical state. Following cessation of the behavior, the person may experience a withdrawal that is perceived as unpleasant (for example, a hangover, anxiety, or boredom). When the individual next engages in the action, s/he once again enjoys the “benefits”, but also encounters the withdrawal. Over time, the positive experience diminishes and the withdrawal intensifies, resulting in increased frequency of behavior to avoid feeling bad.
-Anxiety and Phobias
*can be learned through classical conditioning; operant learning (negative reinforcement, or social learning
*for more detail see handout
-Eating Disorders
*operant conditioning and social learning
*societal influence
*master over one's body
-Parenting Skills
*operant conditioning
-Personality Disorder
-Somatoform Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
-refers to addiction process
-the first time you do something, like an opiate, it will work well for you
*you will experience positive state, not necessarily positive reinforcement
*this will increase propability to do it again
-if you consistently use an opiate and you increase the dose, the benefits decrease and you feel a lot worse when you are not taking it
-over time the positive effects diminish, and the negative consequences when you are not using the substance increase and you get caught in this cycle |
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Term
| What are 5 types of intervention? |
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Definition
BIOFEEDBACK
-operant conditioning
-In a variety of illnesses, physiological processes that produce symptoms are potentially manageable through behavioral control, if the individual can learn to manipulate the proper process
-learning to control tension headaches
-problem is that we are not aware of many physiological processes, like hypertension
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
-classical conditioning and extinction
-Once an individual has developed a phobia, s/he will behave in ways to avoid the feared object or situation and not have opportunity to extinguish the associated anxiety. To alter the avoidant behavior, Wolpe designed a strategy to gradually increase the exposure of the person to the phobic situation. Based on a classical conditioning model, Systematic Desensitization involves the pairing of relaxation/calm with increasing levels of contact with the phobic object. The technique called counterconditioning
FLOODING
-extinction
-A little used strategy to address phobias, flooding involves the intense exposure of the individual to the situation
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
-operant conditioning
-In a nutshell, behavior therapy is about reinforcing actions in others that we desire and attempting to extinguish behaviors we don’t
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
-Cognitive therapists work to correct errors in logic and evaluation that lead to mistaken conclusions and excessive emotional reactions
-anoxeric over reacting to eating a cookie |
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