Term
| What object serves as a metaphor to explain the information processing theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Strategies to help students learn, according to the IPT? |
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Definition
| Chunking, mnemonics, lots of visuals, and sequencing |
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Term
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Definition
| Episodic, semantic, and procedural |
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Term
| What is one of the criticisms of IPT? |
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Definition
| The observations were made in isolation; learning is now more than just serial processing. |
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Term
| How can Erikkson's Theory of Development be used in a secondary classroom? |
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Definition
| Model career choices, engage in various activities, let students examine their choices, and never limit their options. |
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Term
| Criticisms against Erikson's theory? (just one) |
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Definition
-Different with boys and girls OR
-Stages can be reordered or skipped OR
-Is each stage necessary? |
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Term
| What was Erikson best known for? |
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Definition
| His theory of Psychosocial development. |
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Term
| Erikson's 8 Stages: Which one includes the person learns to explore and to feel remorse for their actions |
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Definition
| Early childhood, Initiative vs. Guilt |
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Term
| Jerome Bruner's influence on instruction? |
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Definition
| Spiral curriculum, interpersonal interaction, and discovery learning |
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Term
| What does constructivism mean, and how can it be used in the classroom? |
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Definition
- A student constructs their own knowledge and understanding of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on them.
- To create a student-centered environment, and to share responsibility of decision-making with class. |
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Term
| Importance of linking problems with real-life scenarios? |
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Definition
| Learners create meaning and context by exploring new ideas and experiences, generating hypotheses, problem solving. |
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Term
| Originator of Social Cognitive Theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What an individual believes he/she can accomplish under certain circumstances? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social Cognitive Theory says that people learn by _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A very important aspect of the Social Cognitive Theory is ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Behaviorist who studied reflexes- automatic behavior that is caused by a stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Behaviors are acquired through ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a key element of Classical or Operant Conditioning? |
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Definition
Classical: Association
Operant: Reinforcement and Punishment |
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Term
| Example of using either classical or operant conditioning in the classroom? |
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Definition
Classical: Attractive learning aids, decorate classroom, small groups.
Operant: recognize and reinforce positive behaviors, use various types or reinforcement (praise, smiles, attention), concrete reinforcement (cookies, candies, stickers, longer recess), punish bad behaviors (punish student's behavior, not their personal qualities |
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Term
| Two criticisms of Behaviorism? |
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Definition
1. Does not consider learning that happens without reinforcement or punishment.
2. People and animals can always adapt behavior, when new behavior has been introduced. |
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Term
| What is a learning theory? |
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Definition
| An implicit theory about learning that every teacher possesses – a set of beliefs and hypotheses that serves to guide our actions but may not be readily apparent to us. |
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Term
| Why are learning theories important? |
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Definition
- Only through understanding can we learn how to be more effective teachers.
- We can't rely on only one learning process; there's more than one way to teach.
- Teachers will have more reference to rely on, to provide clues for appropriate action. |
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Term
| Contributions to the lesson plan model of each theory? |
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Definition
Behaviorism- classroom management, planning and design of curricula
Constructivism- Designing lessons to developmentally appropriate standards.
Info Processing- Encourage alertness, and use different sensory systems.
Brain Research- Use demonstrations, metaphors, and the 7 R's. |
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Term
| How do learning theories affect teaching philosophies? |
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Definition
| They determine how we act in a variety of situations. We should at least be familiar with the basic ideas of each one, to better meet the needs of students. |
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Term
| Who developed the 4 Stages of Mental Development? |
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Definition
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Term
| One criticism for Piaget and one for Vygotsky? |
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Definition
Piaget: His theory does not adequately consider social and educational problems such as gender roles and educational opportunity.
Vygotsky: Scaffolding as suggested in the zone of proximal development is not always necessary to learn something new. |
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Term
| Difference between rote and meaningful learning? |
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Definition
Meaningful learning relates to things that a student already knows - can be easily applied.
Rote learning: Info is not integrated into what the student already knows; the info is fragmented. |
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Term
| Three essentials for teaching cognitively? |
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Definition
- Collaboration
- Organization
- Visuals |
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