Term
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Definition
| A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response. |
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Definition
| The process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of an NS (CS) with a US. |
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Term
| Extinction (process vs. procedure) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the repeater presentation of the CS in the absense of the US, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of the CR; in operant conditioning, the nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response. The procedure of extinction is the manner in which extinction is carried out and the process of extinction is the subsequent decrease in the strength of the response. |
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Definition
Classical: reappearance of the CR following a rest period after extinction.
Operant: reappearance of the operant response following a rest period after extinction. |
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Definition
| The sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced. |
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Definition
Classical: the tendency for a CR to be elicited by a stimulus that is similar to the CS.
Operant: tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to an S^D. |
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Definition
| The generalization of a CR to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS. |
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Definition
Classical: the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another;
Operant: tendency for an operant response to be emitted more in the presence of one stimuli than another. |
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Definition
| (operant) The differential reinforcement of responding in the presence of one stimulus and not another. |
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Definition
| An experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unpredictable events develop neurotic-like symptoms. |
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Term
| Pavlov's Theory of Personality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| People are either introverts or extraverts. The way they handle stress and conditioning are different. |
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Definition
| Someone who is highly reactive, shows anxiety under stress, and is easily or readily conditioned. |
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Definition
| Someone who is less reactive, shows physical signs under stress and is less easily conditioned. |
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Definition
| Extreme extraverts; they are aggressive, resistent to help & change, they don't condition or develop social fears, and worst of all they have no empathy after committing wrong actions. |
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Term
| Higher-order Conditioning |
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Definition
| The process whereby a stimulus that is associated with a CS also becomes a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this phenomenon, when one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus it was previously associated with can also become a CS. |
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Definition
| A complex stimulus that consists of the simultaneous presentation of two or more individual stimuli. |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby the most salient member of a compound stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS and thereby intereferes w/ conditioning of the less salient member. |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby the presence of an established CS interferes w/ conditioning of a new CS. |
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Definition
| A familiar stimulus is more difficult to condition as a CS than is an unfamiliar/novel stimulus. |
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Definition
| A form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of time. |
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Definition
| A procedure in which a stimulus (known as in occasion setter) signals that a CS is likely to be followed by the US w/ which it is associated. |
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Definition
| A decrease in the strength of the CR due to the presentation of a novel stimulus at the same time as the CS. |
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Definition
| A process that involves the postconditioning presentation of the US at a different level of intensity, thereby altering the strength of the response to the previously conditioned CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning. |
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Definition
| assumes the NS becomes directly associated w/ the UR and therefore comes to elicit the same response as the UR. |
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Term
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Definition
| NS becomes directly associated with the US, and therefore comes to elicit a response related to the US. |
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Term
| Stimulus-substitution Theory |
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Definition
| The CS acts as a substitute for the US. (classical) |
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Term
| Preparatory-response Theory |
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Definition
| The purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US. |
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Term
| Compensatory-response Theory |
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Definition
| CS that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process). |
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Term
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Definition
| A given US can support only so much conditioning and that this amount of conditioning must be distributed among the various CSs available. |
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Definition
| The decrease in the CR that occurs when two separately conditioned CSs are combined into a compound stimulus for further pairings with the US. |
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Definition
| Overgeneralization of conditioned fear response to other harmless events. |
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Term
| Watson & Rayner's Little Albert |
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Definition
| Pair loud noise and rat to elicit fear. Creation of a simulated (yet very weak in comparison) phobia. |
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Definition
| The behavior of a model is witnessed by an observer, and the observer's behavior is subsequently altered. |
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Definition
| An innate tendency for an organism to more easily learn certain types of behaviors or to associate certain types of events w/ each other. |
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Definition
| An individual's base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation that, to a large extent, is genetically determined. |
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Definition
| An increase in one's reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus floowing exposure to an unrelated stressful event. |
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Definition
| The attempt to remove a phobia through actions such as systematic desensitization, flooding, and in vivo exposure. |
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Definition
| Under Watson's supervision, she performed systematic desensitization on a 2yr old boy w/ a fear of rabbits. By feeding the boy cookies and slowly moving the rabbit closer, his fears became overcome by the postive response to cookies. His fears were eliminated. |
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Definition
| The procedure whereby a CS that elicits one type of response is associated w/ an event that elicits an incompatible response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain responses are incompatible w/ each other, and the occurence of one response neccesarily inhibits the other. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves pairing relaxation w/ a succession of stimuli that elicit an increasing levels of fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to extinguish. |
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Definition
| A form of behavior therapy that attempts to reduce the attractiveness of a desired event by associating it with an aversive stimulus. |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences. |
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Definition
| First experimental studies of operant conditioning. Famous studies on cats in a puzzle box- cats gradually learned, not through a flash of instinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in", while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out". |
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Definition
| Box with a trap door that opens when the test subject steps on a lever. Experiment on cats; prob: once the cat escaped the box, the experiment was over. |
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Definition
| Behaviorist; studied operant conditioning; famous for he air crib & several rat lab experiments. |
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Definition
| organism is free to respond when and as often as it wants. |
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Definition
| operant conditioning chamber; had the free operant procedure. rats pushed lever for food whenever they wanted it. |
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Definition
| The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of emitted responses that results in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future porbability or strengh of those responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| follow a behavior, can be either a punisher or reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure of strengthening a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that follows a behavior and decreases the future probability of that behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures of weakening the strength of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced. |
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Term
| Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment |
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Definition
| A stimulus that signals a response will be punished. |
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Term
| Discriminative Stimulus for Extinction |
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Definition
| A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant and rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in future strength of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimuli. |
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Definition
| Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and therefore prevents its delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. |
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Term
| Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Immediate reinforcement usually leads to a higher future strength in responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that is innately reinforcing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that is reinforcing b/c it has been associated w/ some other reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior modification program; good behavior means a person earns more tokens, bad behavior means that tokens are taken. |
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Definition
| Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is innately reinforcing. |
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Term
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Definition
| stronger than extrinsic motivation. do something because you want to, not for a reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| renforcement provided by some consequence that is external to the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| natural consequence of the behavior w/in that setting. intrinsic=natural |
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Term
| Aritificial/ Contrived Reinforcer |
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Definition
| deliberately arranged to modify a behavior. extrinsic=artificial |
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