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Learning/Conditioning (Final)
Terms and Concepts
37
Psychology
12th Grade
12/19/2012

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Term
learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in behavior. potential to make a response that occurs as a result from an experience
Term
maturation
Definition
improvement of muscle or nerve tissue
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
Pavlov's dog. linking a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned response. the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, and the final product is the conditioned response
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
with the dog and the bell
Term
Watson and Little Albert
Definition
bell (unconditioned stimulus) causes fear (unconditioned response), Watson linked the US to rabbits / furry animals (conditioned stimulus). Child becomes afraid of animals (conditioned response)
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
doesnt depend on previous experience to cause a response (food)
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (Salivating)
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
otherwise meaningless stimulus linked to unconditioned response through experience(bell / that was easy button)
Term
conditioned response
Definition
producing the unconditioned response because of the conditioned stimulus (flinching because of that was easy button / salivating for bell)
Term
innate behavior
Definition
US / UR
Term
acquisition
Definition
repeated pairings of us and cs, attempting to create association
(trace / delay / simultaneous / backward conditioning)
Term
extinction
Definition
loss of conditioned response over time (repeated CS without US)
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
extinguished CR returns after no training
Term
generalization
Definition
conditioned response generated by stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus (little albert and fuzzy things)
Term
discrimination
Definition
stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus do NOT create conditioned response
Term
instrumental learning
Definition
behavior is instrumental in producing environmental change that then affects behavior
Term
Thorndike's law of effect
Definition
behaviors encouraged when followed by rewarding consequences. behaviors discouraged when followed by punishing consequences
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
pioneer of Instrumental Learning. influence behavior by controlling consequences.
Term
shaping
Definition
reinforcement of successive approximations of a behavior
Term
discriminative stimulus
Definition
informs subject that reward/punishment is available
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
desired/appetitive stimulus follows behavior
improves likelihood of repeated behavior
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
undesired / aversive stimulus removed / eliminated following behavior
improves likelihood of repeated behavior
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
leads to fastest learning
Term
reinforcement schedule
Definition
different reinforcement schedules lead to different learning and performance
Term
fixed-interval
Definition
reinforce the first response after a fixed-time interval has elapsed
Term
reinforcement
Definition
positive / negative. encouraging behavior
Term
fixed-ratio reinforcement
Definition
reinforce a response after a specified number of nonreinforced responses
Term
variable-interval
Definition
reinforce the first response after a variable-time interval has elapsed
Term
variable-ratio schedules
Definition
reinforce a response after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Term
superstitious behavior
Definition
learned because it happened to be followed by a reinforcer, even though this behavior was not the cause of the reinforcer. (no actual cause-effect relationship, but believed to exist)
Term
latent learning
Definition
learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until sufficient reinforcement is provided
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
the passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to aversive events that cannot be avoided
Term
observational learning
Definition
learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
social learning theory & bobo doll experiment
Term
vicarious conditioning
Definition
learning the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone else
Term
social learning theory
Definition
people learn social behaviors mainly through observation and cognitive processing of information, rather than through direct experience. (anti-behaviorism?)
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