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Vocabulary terms in psychology about learning.
42
Psychology
11th Grade
02/23/2008

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Term
learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces the response
Term
stimulus
Definition
anything in the environmetn that one can respond to
Term

response

Definition
any behavior or action
Term
behaviorism
Definition

the view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes.

Term
John Watson
Definition
founder of behaviorism, conducted "Little Albert" study
Term
cognition
Definition
mental processes associated with thinking, knowning, and remembering
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively
Term
unconditioned response
Definition
in classical conditioning, the automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, has gained the power to cause a conditioned response
Term
conditioned response
Definition
in classical conditioning, the response to the conditioned stimulus
Term
acquisition
Definition
in classical conditioning, the process of developing a learned response
Term
extinction
Definition
in classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response, when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
Term
Ivan Pavlov
Definition
learning theorist famous for the discovery, performed experiences using his dog, meat, and a tone
Term
generalization
Definition
a process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli (ex: after being stung by a bee, fear of all buzzing insects)
Term
discrimination
Definition
a process in which an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli (ex: still a fear of bees, but flies are no sweat)
Term
Little Albert
Definition

11-month old boy taught to fear rats in John Watson's famous experiment, fear of rats generalizes to all furry stimuli (rabbits, fur coats), is now considered an unethical experiment

Term
operant conditioning
Definition
frequency of a behavior depends on its consequence
Term

B.F. Skinner

Definition
major force behind the promotion of operant conditioning as the key to understanding people's behavior in the real world
Term
law of effect (Edward Thorndike)
Definition

behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently, behaviors with unfavorables consequences will occur less frequently

Term
reinforcement
Definition
any consequences that increases the likelihood of a behavior
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
increases likelihood of a behavior by following it with a reward (ex: money for good grades)
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
increases likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event (ex: taking advil for a headache)
Term
primary reinforcement
Definition
something that is naturally reinforcing (ex: food)
Term
secondary reinforcement
Definition
something you have learned to value (ex: money, grades)
Term
shaping
Definition
positive reinforcement of behaviors that move closer and closer to the target behavior (ex: learning how to ride a bike)
Term
continuous
Definition

reward follows every correct response (ex: vending machine)

Term
fixed interval
Definition
reward follows after a defined period of time (ex: quiz every friday)
Term
variable interval
Definition
reward follows after an unpredictable amount of time (ex: pop quizzes)
Term
fixed ratio
Definition
reward follows after set number of correct responses (ex: buy ten, get one free)
Term
variable ratio
Definition
reward follows after set number of correct responses, "gambler's schedule", hardest to extinguish (ex: lottery tickets)
Term
punishment
Definition

any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior

 

1. undesirable event follows behavior (buring hand on stove)

2. desirable event ends following the behavior (traffic fines)

Term
effective punishment
Definition
swift, measured, consistent
Term
role for punishment
Definition
when safety is an issue
Term
latent learning
Definition
not apparant until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it
Term
cognitive map
Definition
mental representation of a place (ex: elephants in the desert)
Term
role of biology
Definition
places fences around what we can easily learn (ex: without wings, humans can't learn to fly)
Term
modeling
Definition
process of observing an imitating a specific behavior
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
"big kahuna" of observation learning, performed the bobo doll study
Term
antisocial behavior
Definition
negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior
Term
prosocial behavior
Definition
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
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