Term
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Definition
| The period between a learning experience and its recall. The information is said to be retained (kept in storage). |
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Term
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Definition
| A retention interval that is very short. Memory that last from a few seconds, to an hour, or a few minutes. Common example is remembering a telephone number long enough to dial it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves retention intervals longer than those of short-term memory, so the definition of long-term memory depends on the definition of short-term memory. |
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Term
Declarative Memories -
Subdivisions are semantic and episodic memory |
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Definition
| Deals with information that can be declared, or expressed, usually in words. "Knowing that knowledge". Can be acquired through reading, surfing the Web, visiting places, talking to friends, walking in the park, and many other ways. Defining characteristic is that it can be expressed, usually in words, but can be expressed in other ways such as picutres, gestures (non-verbal communication). Also refered to as explicit knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Knowledge of the world, the kind of memory that makes it possible for organisms to acquire, store, and use information about the world in which they live." It does not suggest some connection with language. Animals with no linguistic skills nevertheless know a great deal about their surroundings. Wild rats, for example, know where food is to be found, how to get to their underground den, which rats they can dominate and which they must not challege. They know all these things even though they can't speak or write a single word. |
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Term
Episodic Memory
aka Autobiographical or Event Memory |
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Definition
| Our memory for personally experienced events, the episodes of our lives. Recognizes that we can think of someone's life as consisting of successive episodes. Deals with facts that have a personal connection for the individual. Episodic memories fit in an individuals personal timeline. Said to be a late development in evolution. Some people believe that it is the one sort of memory that is not found in animals other than humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deals with knowledge that cannot be expressed. Implicit knowledge. You know, but you do not know that you know or, at least, you cannot express that you know. Examples; pavlovian conditioning, if you are bitten by a dog and later are afraid of that dog, this conditioned fear is a kind of knowledge that cannot be expressed. Knowing that you are afraid and being afraid are different kinds of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of nondeclarative memory. Memory for procedures, and referred to as knowing how knowledge. It isn't your knowledge about the procedure, it is your ability to perform the procedure. Such knowledge cannot be expressed. Example is touch typing. A skilled touch typist can type 50 to 60 words per minute yet hasn't the faintest idea of what each finger is doing at anytime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice. For our purposes, forgetting refers to changes in behavior that are not due to aging, injury, or disease. It is also the deterioration in performance over the retention interval. |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior following a retention interval. A retention interval is a period of time in which the individual does not practice the learned behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of presenting hints, or prompts, to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced. |
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Term
The Relearning Method
aka the Savings Method |
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Definition
| Measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance. There is usually a savings compared to the original training program so is referred to as the Savings Method. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another way of measuring learning, individuals has only to identify the material previously learned. Typically this is done by presenting the participant with the original learning materials as well as some new material. |
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Term
| Delayed Matching To Sample, or DMTS |
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Definition
| Training in animals especially pigeons where they are trained to matched a particular disk it is exposed to with two it is presented with. If a pigeon matches the sample, it is rewarded with food. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which performance sometimes improves with the passage of time. The most likely explaination seems to be the physiological state of the individual, such as those associated with hunger, fatigue, and alertness, vary in a rythmic fashion over the course of the day. Reminiscence occurs, then, when the physiological conditions present during testing resemble those during training. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is learned during a particular physiological state is lost when that state passes. The context for learning includes the state of the learner, as well as the state of the learner's surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The longer the interval between training and relearning, the greater the forgetting. Time cannot explain forgetting because time itself is not an event. Time is not something that occurs but rather an invention for talking about the occurences of events. Forgetting occurs in time, and the neurological "record" of learning may, in fact, decay, but if decay occurs, time does not cause it. Time, in and of itself, does nothing. |
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