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| dendrites, axions, terminal buttons, synaptic cledft, soma(body) |
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| cell outside neuron that gives neurons structure and support |
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| left hemisphere functions for |
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| recievers which collects signal from synapses and relay it to neuron |
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| long arm like structure which is a messenger to nearby neurons |
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| ending of the message at the synaptic cleft |
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process of by which neurons are generated from neuron stem cells progenitor cell
ie prenatal baby |
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| tiny space between the axon and the dendrite of another neuron of which chemical messages are sent across |
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inc in synapse formation
ie the forming of neural connections |
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| must be reached by enough transmitters at dendrites before neuron relays its signal to the next neuron |
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| ability for brain to strengthen abilities through practice |
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| process where after birth neurons increase the number of synapsic connections. Basically neurons sprout new dendrite receivers going every which way to come in contact with neighboring axons. This is why young children have more connections than adults |
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| learning and synaptic prining |
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| when the young brain is stimuluated to learn, more neurons survive the neuron pruning process as the brain matures. |
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has to do with connecting meanings to words
when damaged, the patient can repeat random phases but they are often random and without meaning |
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| what does the amygdala fuction for in the brain? |
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controls emotions paired with memories
ie how much attention one uses is determined by one's emotions (anger, interest, apathy |
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excitatory post leftover change
basically how fast neuron recharges |
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| when learning teaches a lesson that is retained throughout life ie look both ways before crossing street |
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| when is neurogenisis the most active |
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| prenatally while the baby is is still in the womb |
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| why do old people like game shows?as opposed to movies? |
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| the attention span that somone needs when they watch a game show is less involving. ie in a movie you have to actively piece together the pieces of a plot. |
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| giving the simplistic explanation |
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| how do we know when learning has taken place? |
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| when behaviors have changed. or a simulus to response link has occured. ie waking up at 5 in the morning for basic training |
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| when two things are presented together ie concepts of cows and milk are contiguous |
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| the learning f one behavior is the same as the learning of another behavior |
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| provide the means through which the nervous system transmits and coordinates information. there are three main roles of a neurons. |
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| carry incoming information from receptors cells. they convey this information to the interneurons. |
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| they integrate and interpret input from multiple locations. |
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| it send messages about how to ehave and respond to appropriate parts of the body. |
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| so when a child gets older and they are expose to different variety of stimuli and experiences in their daily lives, some of the synapses are use constant and would be useful down their lives while others are irrelevent and useless, and these gradually fade away. |
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| sea horse looking part of the brain which is control of attention and learning, espcially for things we are consciously learn. |
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| finding ways of improving students' reasoning is of great interest to educators, policy makers, and state legislators, among others; all have a vested interest in having adults be able to make informed decisions in their personal lives, in the workplace, and in their communities |
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| a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired. |
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| some example of critical periods |
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development of language skills
cognitive development milestones |
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| factors influencing brain development |
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| heredity does play a role in brain development. enviromental factors have effects as well. enviromental toxin , and last opportunities to learn also influence brain growth. |
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| a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity. |
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| the theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society. |
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| assumptions of behaviorists |
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principles of learning should apply to different behaviors and to different species of animals.
learning processe can be study most objectively when focus of study on stimuli and responses.
internal processes are largely excluded from scientific study.
learning involes a behavior change.
organisms are born as blank slates.
learning is largely the result of enviromental events.
the most useful theories tend to e parimonious. |
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| determined by physical processes alone |
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| s an umbrella term that refers to those branches of study that concentrate on mental perception and thought processes |
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was condition to be afraid of the white rat by pairing the rat,ns, with a loud bang, ucs, which cause a startled respond and fear, ucr.
after many tines reapting this little albert assoicated the white rat with the loud bang which cause him to get scared when ever he saw the rat. the rat which was netural now turn to a condition stimulus which elicted a condition respond. |
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| happens after extinction, when the cs elicts the cr out of nowhere. example dog in the new cage. |
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| is a way to get rid and counter the cs, in which there was flooding to get rid of it. |
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| get ride the conditioning that was learn by persenting the cs with out ucs and with out the subject knowing. take time with this process. |
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| stimulus generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned |
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| discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| expose the person to the fear for as long as possile until the person is no longer scared. example batman begins |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| Systematic desensitization usually starts with imagining yourself in a progression of fearful situations and using relaxation strategies that compete with anxiety. Once you can successfully manage your anxiety while imagining fearful events, you can use the technique in real life situations. The goal of the process is to become gradually desensitized to the triggers that are causing your distress. |
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| first two neutral stimulus NS1 and NS2 are presented simultaneously. then one of these neutral stimuli NS1 is associated with an unconditionedstimulus thus becoming a conditioned stimulus CS1 and elicving a conditioned response CR. the second neutral stimulus also elicts the conditioned respons by virtue of its prior association with CS1 |
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| supersititious behaviors occurs when |
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| ucs and then ns presented |
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| ucs is presented later than that |
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| what isn't effective way to punish |
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| threaten several times before administering it |
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| memories influence how we view a stimulus and response |
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| negative in reinforcement and punishment refers to |
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| opperant conditioning works by presenting reward when around behavior |
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| fixed interval schedule example |
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| press bar after each minute |
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| what schedule teaches learning the fastest? |
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| fixed ratio schedule fr 1 |
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| organisms have spatial layouts |
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| 4 effective processies #32 |
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| ie stopping person from eating too much |
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| what makes some one feel that they are helplessc |
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| causes are personal, enduring and purvey in aspects of one's life. |
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| superstitious behaviors occurs when |
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