Term
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Definition
| a system that underpins the capacity to remember specific events |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that stores accumulated knowledge of the world, without reference to specific events |
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Term
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Definition
the shallowest form of processing from Craik and Tulving's Depth of Processing Study
- Is the following word in uppercase letters? |
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Term
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Definition
the middle form of processing from Craik and Tulving's Depth of Processing Study
- Does the following word rhyme with ____? |
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Term
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Definition
the deepest form of processing from Craik and Tulving's Depth of Processing Study
- Does the following word make sense in this sentence? |
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Term
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Definition
| the more deeply (i.e. meaningfully) an item is processed, the better will be its retention |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking more deeply or meaningfully about the material |
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Term
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Definition
| keeping information in mind but not thinking deeply about it |
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Term
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Definition
| information relevant to oneself is remembered better than information irrelevant to oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| information is easier to learn when it is encoded both visually and verbally |
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Term
| Picture Superiority Effect |
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Definition
| pictures are easier to remember than words |
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Term
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Definition
| concrete words (rock, apple) are easier to remember than abstract words (fear, time) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of recovering a memory by using one or more cues to bring it into conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's ability to decide whether they have encountered a stimulus before |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's ability to produce a specific response from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's ability to produce a specific response from memory given a certain cue to enhance memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's ability to produce a specific response from memory without any cue for recall |
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Term
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Definition
a subject saying "yes" to a previously-seen word
- saying "yes" when you're supposed to say "yes" |
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Term
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Definition
a subject saying "yes" to a previously-unseen word
- saying "yes" when you're supposed to say "no" |
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Term
| proportion of hits (-) proportion of false alarms |
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Definition
| Recognition Accuracy Formula |
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Term
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Definition
| fast, automatic process based on the perception of a memory's strength |
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Term
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Definition
| slower; attention-demanding process that involves retrieval of contextual information |
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Term
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Definition
| reporting whether an item is recognized because of contextual details or a just sense that it has been experienced before |
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Term
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Definition
| reporting that an item is recognized because of contextual details |
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Term
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Definition
| reporting that they have a sense that an item has been experienced before |
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Term
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Definition
| brain area associated with "remember" judgments |
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Term
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Definition
| brain area associated with "know" judgments |
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Term
| Inclusion Condition of Process Dissociation Procedure |
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Definition
Say "yes" to any item that was from earlier list
- indicates familiarity |
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Term
| Exclusion Condition of Process Dissociation Procedure |
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Definition
Say "yes" only to items from a particular list
- indicates recollection |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| information is remembered better if retrieval cues are similar to the conditions present at encoding |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in response due to repeated stimulation |
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Term
| Implicit Memory/Non-Declarative Memory |
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Definition
| memory that can occur without conscious awareness |
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Term
| Explicit Memory/Declarative Memory |
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Definition
| memories that you can consciously bring to mind |
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Term
| Acoustic startle response in the rat |
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Definition
| duration of time during which movement ceases (i.e. "freezes") after hearing a loud noise |
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Term
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Definition
| associating one stimulus with another stimulus that causes a certain response |
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Term
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Definition
| something that elicits a response naturally, without being learned |
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Term
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Definition
| something neutral that elicits a LEARNED response by being paired with something that naturally elicits that response |
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Term
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Definition
| observed classical conditioning with dogs being exposed to meat powder |
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Term
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Definition
| studied classical conditioning; conducted the Little Albert study |
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Term
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Definition
| conditioned response can be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus that led to that response |
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Term
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Definition
| conditioned response is only evoked by the original stimulus that led to that response, and not by stimuli that are similar to it |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling behavior through consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors are repeated or not repeated because of the effects they've had |
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered operant learning using cats in puzzle boxes; proposed the "Law of Effect" |
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Term
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Definition
| performing a behavior to elicit positive consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| performing a behavior to avoid negative consequences |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| something good stops happening |
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Term
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Definition
| studied classical conditioning using rats and pigeons |
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Term
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Definition
| training a behavior by positively reinforcing approximations of the desired response |
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Term
| Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| response is reinforced every time |
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Term
| Partial Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| response is reinforced only sometimes |
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Term
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcer is given after a fixed number of responses |
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Term
| Variable-Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcer given after a variable number of responses |
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Term
| Fixed-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcer is given for first response that occurs after a fixed time interval |
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Term
| Variable-Interval Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforcer given for first response after a variable time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| negative consequences that make a behavior less likely to be repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| enhanced ability to detect sensory stimuli due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to a particular stimulus facilitates processing of that stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a priming task using words with ambiguous spellings |
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Term
| Word Stem Completion Task |
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Definition
| a priming task using incomplete words where subjects filled in the rest of the ambiguous word |
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Term
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Definition
| a priming task where subjects viewed images in various degrees of degradation |
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Term
| Procedural/Skill Learning |
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Definition
| increased sensory acuity with training |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthening of a behavior due to consequences associated with it |
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Term
1. Focus of Attention
2. Variability of Practice
3. Mental vs. Physical Practice |
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Definition
| 3 factors that influence complex skill acquisition |
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Term
| Internal Focus of Attention |
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Definition
| focusing attention on some aspect of your body while completing a task |
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Term
| External Focus of Attention |
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Definition
| focusing attention on some aspect outside your body while completing a task |
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Term
| Constrained Action Hypothesis |
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Definition
| physical skills depend on unconscious mechanisms; awareness of body positions creates conscious interference that disrupts these mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| skilled physical tasks require a generalized motor program (GMP), which is a set of rules for performing an action; GMP's develop better when the appropriate action must be reconstructed on each trial (through variable practice) |
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Term
1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous |
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Definition
| 3 stages of skill acquisition |
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Term
| Cognitive stage of skill acquisition |
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Definition
| using conscious processes to understand the task |
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Term
| Associative stage of skill acquisition |
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Definition
| inputs linked directly to action without verbal mediation |
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Term
| Autonomous stage of skill acquisition |
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Definition
| Task performed automatically without conscious control |
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Term
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Definition
| tracking repetitions of location in the N-back task |
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Term
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Definition
| tracking repetitions of both location and sound in the N-back task |
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Term
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Definition
| location tracking suffers when both location and sound must be tracked |
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