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Learning and Memory Ch. 1
Learning and Memory Ch. 1 Mazur
20
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/13/2017

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Cards

Term
Learning
Definition
A change in behavior due to experience
Term
Acquisition phase
Definition
Period in which the animal is acquiring a new skill
Term
Complex Idea
Definition
James Mill (1829) described it as two or more simple sensations that are repeatedly presented together
Term
Duplex Ideas
Definition
Combination of complex ideas. These 1) can be decomposed into two or more simple ideas and 2) always formed through the repeated pairing of these simple ideas
Term
Ebbinghaus's Experiments on Memory
Definition

First systematic study of association. Used nonsense syllables. 

Method: Learn list to fluency, record number of trials, delay interval, relearn list and compare relearning to learning trials

Measure: Savings: the decrease in the number of repetitions needed to complete the list
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
The researcher manipulates
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
Researcher observes the effects
Term
Overlearning
Definition
Continuing to practice after performing
Term
The Role of Contiguity for Aristotle
Definition
Two ideas together will be associated if they tend to occur together in space or time.
Term
Forgetting Curve
Definition
Shows how the passage of time has a detrimental effect on performance in a memory task.
Term
Behavioral Approach Characteristics
Definition

1. Heavy reliance on animal subjects

2. emphasis on external events (environmental stimuli and overt behaviors) and a reluctance to speculate about processes inside the organism.

Term
Cognitive Approach
Definition
Dissatisfaction with the behavioral approach and emphasis on intervening variables and processes inside the organism
Term
Advantage of animal subjects
Definition
Placebo Effect is Minimized
Subjects are Convenient
Controlled Environment

 

Comparative Simplicity
Term
Emphasis on External Events (Freud)
Definition

Freud’s introspection method involves reflecting on, reporting, and analyzing one’s own mental processes. Disadvantages: requires lots of practice, reports on thoughts/emotions vary across participants for the same task

 

Term
Watson's Critique on Emphasis of external events
Definition

- Psychology must be a science

- sciences deal only with events everyone can observe

- psychology must deal only with observable events

 

Term
B. F Skinner Emphasis on External Events
Definition

- Both overt and covert Bx should be the focus of psychology

- Cautioned against the use of intervening variables as unnecessary 

Term
Water Deprivation theory
Definition

- Hours of deprivation -> lever pressing (rate

- Hours of deprivation -> thirst -> lever pressing

- Given that both theories are equally predictive, parsimony requires selection of the "simpler" of the two

Term
External Events emphasis argument
Definition

Skinner argued that use of intervening variables can be dangerous. Cause is attributed to an unobservable entity (anger, laziness)

Skinner proposed that causes can be traced to external variables, resulting in greater efficacy in changing Bx

Term
Determinism
Definition
A philosophical position that all the events of the world, including human behavior, are determined by physical causes that could, in principle, be discovered and analyzed with the techniques of science
Term
Free Will
Definition
The philosophical position that some nonphysical entity, such as the will or the soul, can direct human behavior. Thus, not all human behavior can be predicted or explained in a scientific way
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