Term
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Definition
learning from experience to associate two stimuli
made by Ivan Pavlov |
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Term
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Definition
Skinner
associate a response and a consequence |
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Term
| Name the 3 learning styles |
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Definition
| Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that doesn't provoke a response before learning |
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Term
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Definition
| conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that provokes a response after learning, a conditioned response is the response to a conditioned stimulus after learning |
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Term
| stimuli and response before learning |
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Definition
US: stimulus that has natural reaction
UR: natural response to stimulus
NS: stimulus that has no response before learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Watson classically conditioned a phobia of white rats by using a loud sound(US) every time the rat appeared which had natural reaction of fear (UR) |
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Term
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Definition
| Operant Conditioning; strengthens response by providing a reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Operant Conditioning; strengthens response by removing unpleasant event |
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Term
| punishment vs. reinforcement |
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Definition
punishment; decreases likelihood of response
reinforcement; increases likelihood of response |
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Term
| Name some applications of Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
Military Training; overcome natural inhibition to kill
Phobias; Avoiding phobia is negatively reinforced by removing stressful situation
OCD |
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Term
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Definition
Classical Conditioning;
making associations through responses |
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Term
| Is a US a reward (reinforcement) |
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Definition
| NO because it is not given upon response |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational Learning; imitating a model's behavior that is reinforced (learning through someone else's reinforcement) |
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Term
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Definition
| observing an imitating a specific behavoir |
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Term
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Definition
Bandura and Ross (1961)
Children who were exposed to model who was rewarded for aggressive behavior on doll were more likely to imitate behavoir |
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Term
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Definition
| learning is about thinking |
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Term
| what are expectations that we learn without experience |
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Definition
| apart of Observational Learning; cognitive representations of associations |
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Term
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Definition
| persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
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Term
| 3 Basic Processes of Memory |
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Definition
1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval |
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Term
| how do we encode information |
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Definition
| through senses; visual, auditory, language |
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Term
| What are the Major Parts of the Amalgamated Memory Model |
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Definition
1. Basic (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)
2. Atkinson and Shiffron 3 Step Model
3. Updates(working memory, automatic processing) |
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Term
| Describe Atkinson and Shiffron 3 step Model |
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Definition
1.Sensory Memory
very short duration but large capacity
2.Short Term Memory
limited capacity and duration
3. Long Term Memory
unlimited capacity and duration |
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Term
| difference between short term and long term memory |
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Definition
Short: limited capacity and duration, has to worked on consciously to move into unlimited long term
Long term; unlimited capacity and duration, unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consciously repeating info. to move it into long term memory |
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Term
| Ways to consciously restore info. |
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Definition
auditory rehearsal; mentally repeat
visual-spatial info; think about what things look like
create connections w. new learning material and things already in long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Automatic; established w/o effort and not aware of memory
(habits, info on space, time, and frequency) |
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Term
| declarative(explicit) memories |
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Definition
| Effortful; declarative (facts, knowledge) information we have to work at in order to remember |
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Term
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Definition
| highly superior autobiography memory; people who do not forget things that happen to them on a daily basis |
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Term
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Definition
1. encoding failure
2. storage decay
3. retrieval failure |
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Term
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Definition
| something that helps you remember something, sparks the memory |
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Term
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Definition
| other info. competes with associated info. |
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Term
| proactive v. retroactive interference |
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Definition
| old memories interfere w. retrieval of new memories & new info. blocks old memories |
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Term
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Definition
| theory by Sigmund Freud that we tend to forget traumatic events |
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Term
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Definition
| scientist who studied Memory Construction Errors |
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Term
| 3 Memory Construction Errors |
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Definition
| Retrieval Errors, Misinformation Effect, False memories |
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Term
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Definition
| we tend to make information anew every time we retrieve it |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to alter new info. we encounter |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding info. in levels, the deepest focusing on the meaning and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| Sematic Encoding, Encoding Self(relate to self), Encoding Associative Images(flowcharts), Encoding Relationships(make connections) |
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Term
| chunking and hierarchies are apart of which encoding strategy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on Meaning, Avoid Distractions, Give Breaks, Test Yourself |
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