Term
| Bandura's Bobo doll study |
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Definition
| Adult modeled behaviors while children watched; children did what they observed the adults did (modeling) |
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Term
| What occurred in Banduras Bobo doll study |
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Definition
| Children coppied behavior that adults modeled |
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Term
| Bandura bobo doll study - Operant conditioning (consequences for adult models) |
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Definition
| Children are sensitve to consequnces of adult model's actions - much less likly to copy behavior if model is punished, opposite if model was rewarded |
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Term
| Bandura bobo doll study and effect on child's behavior afterwards |
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Definition
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Term
| Social learning theory (bandura and walters) |
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Definition
| People learn within a social context, through modeling and observational learning) |
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Term
| Limits of operant/operant conditioning |
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Definition
| NOT ALL learning can be explained via both of these branches of behaviorism |
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Term
| Combination of classical, operant, and imitation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Interactions between observational learning and operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment and modeling) |
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Term
| Two ways parents can shape child's personality |
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Definition
| Control of reinforcement and/or punishment, or modeling for imitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents reinforce high achievement, and model high achievement, can reinforce or model strick or lenient standards of achievement and self discipline |
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Term
| Modeling in behavior therapy |
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Definition
- Facilatation of behaviors observer already knows how to perform
- Observer may learn how to produce novel behariors
- Undesired responses may be reduced or eliminated
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Term
| Facilitation of low probability behaviors |
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Definition
| Assertive training, graduated modeling |
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Term
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Definition
| For those who are overly submissive in certain situations, goal is to help people deal with situations more effectively |
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Term
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Definition
| Start small and work your way up to more demanding behaviors, has been done with socially withdrawn children |
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Term
| Behavioral skills training |
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Definition
- Modeling used as part of program
- Verbal instruction, prompting, guided practice, feedback
- Ex: computer training, parents dealing with trantrums from children, teachers giving physical assistence to children with disabilities
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Term
| Eliminating phobias OR undesired responses |
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Definition
- Modeling can offer advantages over flooding or systematic desensitization
- Participant modeling (version of graduated modeling)
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Term
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Definition
| Model 1st performs action, patient imitates, each step requires more demanding involvement with phobia |
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Term
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Definition
- Goal - incease performance of desired behaviors
- Clients watch themselves correctly performing behaviors
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Term
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Definition
| Imitation as an instinct, social facilitation, stimulus enhancement, true imitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Some theorize that many animals (humans included) naturally inclined to imitate behavior they see others perform (ex: infants mimicking adult facial expressions/behaviors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior of one animal prompts similar behavior in another animal (ex: eating, running) |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior of one animal leads another to direct its attention to particular stimulus or location in envrionment (ex: children playing with particular toys) |
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Term
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Definition
| Imitation of behavior which has NEVER OCCURRED BEFORE |
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Term
| Bandura's theory on imitation |
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Definition
| Many imitation theories only occur with specific sitations and most examples dont follow these requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| Learner must pay attention to appropriate aspects of model's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Learner must retain some amount of info gained via observation (could be abstract/general in nautre)
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Term
| Motor reproductive processes |
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Definition
- Learner must have appropriate motor skill
- Must be able to translate knowledge into appropriate motor plan and execute it
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Term
| Incentive and motivational processes |
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Definition
| Expectation that imitation will result in some type of reinforcement |
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Term
| Major difference between generalized operant response theory vs. Bandura's theory |
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Definition
| There is a distinction between learning and performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that fre when an animal/human performans and action, also fires when someone else performs an action |
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Term
| Mirror neurons connection to observational learning |
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Definition
| Many of the same areas of the brain used to perform actions yourself activate when you're observing someone else perform them (ex: watching someone thats angry) |
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Term
| Possible connection to empathy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Parents punish agressive behavior
Parents model aggression by using physical punishment |
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Term
| Paradox in parents influence |
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Definition
- Parents who use most sever forms of punishment for agressive behavior = children tend to be more aggressive
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Term
| TV violence and aggression |
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Definition
| Correlation studies show positive correlation between amount of tv viewed and level of agressive behavior |
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Term
| Meta-analyses findings ONLY |
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Definition
Stronger correlation between TV viewing and aggression (justified for a good cause)
Weaker correlation (TV violence and its unpleasant consequences were emphasized) |
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Term
| Phobias and observational learning |
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Definition
Family members frequently have the same fear
Self report data: people with phobias point towards origins as watching someone else be fearful of the same object/situation |
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Term
| Moral behaviors and observational learning |
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Definition
Children more altruistic after observing altruistic behavior of others
Children and adults more likely to break the rules or laws after observing others do so |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex quickly after initiated (ex: pressing a button, jumping) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can extend for a seemingly infinite duration (ex: balancing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Once movement begins, CANNOT make any corrections/adjustments (ex: slamming on car breaks) |
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Term
| Motor skills: closed-loop |
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Definition
| Can make adjustments/corrections via feedback (ex: balancing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Require the identical motion every time (ex: free throws in basketball) |
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Term
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Definition
| Require modifications to movements per each attempt; modifications depend on conditions (ex: jump shots, putting) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Motor skills: sequence movements |
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Definition
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Term
| Knowledge of results (KR) Example |
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Definition
| Told to draw 3 inch line blindfolded, and after drawing either would get reinforcement with right or wrong if within 1/8th of an inch |
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Term
| Thorndike's experiment and results (KR) |
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Definition
| Experimental group showed increase in accuracy over trials with reinforcement (law of effect) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Direction (positive or negative)
Magnitude (nearest 1/8th of an inch) |
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Term
| Whats more effective: quaitative or quantitative |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| KR provides info, helping learn a new skill - providing feedback on some or every single trial |
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Term
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Definition
| When given delayed KR, learners depend more heavily on their own intrinsic feedback to acquire a motor skill |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving the KR right after response/performance |
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Term
| Knowledge of performance (KP) |
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Definition
| Feedback regarding specific components or a sequence of a complex movement |
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Term
| Most effective usage of KP |
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Definition
| KP + instructions on how to improve |
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Term
| Whats best: massed vs distributed practice? |
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Definition
| Distributed, because fatigue can set in with massed practice and interference with performance, often there is improvement in performance immediately following rest periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice in one motor task aids in acquisition of another |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice in one task interferes with acquisition of another one |
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Term
| What can affect positive transfer? |
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Definition
| How similar the two tasks are |
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Term
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Definition
| People sometimes make the movement that they were purposely trying to avoid |
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Term
| Theories of motor skills learning |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Verbal motor stage, motor stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference input (ex: what the correct response feels like) |
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Term
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Definition
| Action system (ex: how to do the response) |
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Term
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Definition
1st stage
KR via instructor
Feedback initially should be continuous for quicker development of KR |
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Term
| Problems with the two stage theory |
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Definition
| Seems to be limited to acquisition of single, simple, repetitive movements |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor program that can be used to govern the production of a wide range of actions from within a movement class |
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Term
| Perceptual and motor schemas |
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Definition
| People acquire general rules on both perception and motor aspects while they practice/develop them |
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Term
| Practice and development of schemas |
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Definition
DO NOT retain and develop specific info regarding specific movements and consequences
Individual incidents forgotten soon after |
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Term
| Learning movement sequences |
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Definition
| In order to execute a motor movement (simple OR complex) one must produce the proper sequence of events (muscle groups, order, timing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Each stimuli in sequence is conditioned reinforcer for previous behavior, discriminate stimulus for the next behavior |
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Term
| Major problem with response chain approach |
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Definition
| Some movements may not require continuous sensory feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| Response chain approaches might seem to work for a beginner but someone skilled in the movement would develop a motor program to produce the necessary sequences |
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Term
| Motor programs: rapid sequences |
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Definition
| Human reactions times are too slow to support notion that sensory feedback is needed from every step in order to execute the next one |
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Term
| Motor programs: movements without needing feedback |
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Definition
| Skilled movements and sequences can still occur for those who've lost sensory feedback |
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Term
| Motor programs: transposition errors |
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Definition
| Most errors in rapid sequences are those of anticipation or transportation (ex: planning ahead: typing eth instead of the) |
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Term
| Motor programs: time to begin movements |
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Definition
| The more complex the sequence the more time needed to begin its execution |
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Term
| Motor programs: connection to schema theory |
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Definition
| Motor program includes neural mechanisms + allow for flexibility in making adjustments |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to perform skilled, purposeful movements |
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Definition
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Definition
| Maintain alertness over time |
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Definition
| The inability to maintain sustained attention |
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Term
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Definition
| What do we select and how do we filter out the "noise" |
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Term
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Definition
| Some aspect of stimuli attracts attention; rapid/involuntary, will not interfere with other processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal direction or priority in selecting stimuli or aspect to focus on; slow/aware, interfering with other processes |
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Term
| Change blindness (door study) |
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Definition
| Form of unintentional blindness in which 2/3 of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions |
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Definition
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Term
| Divided attention resources |
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Definition
| We have a pool of attention |
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Definition
| Reconstructions, NOT exact copies |
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Definition
| Process of transforming our emotions, perceptions, and thoughts into an enduring memory |
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Definition
| Actively relating new info to knowledge already present in memory, attach meaning to new info |
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Definition
| Process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Definition
| Where sensory info is kept for a very brief period of time (visual - 2 sec, auditory - 5 sec) |
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Term
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Definition
| Test of visual sensory memory (focused attention); subjects saw 12 letters but only could report 4 letters |
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Term
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Definition
| Where non-sensory info is kept for more than a few seconds but less than one minute (15-20 sec) |
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Definition
| Process of keeping info in STM by mentally repeating it |
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Term
| Short term memory: 7 +/- 2 |
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| Explicit (declarative) memory |
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| Implicit (non-declarative) memory |
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| Encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
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| State-dependent retrevial |
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| Transfer-appropriate processing |
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| How to avoid absentmindedness |
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Definition
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| Tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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| Matching theory: evidence from human studies |
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| Matching theory: choice of behavior and rate determined by |
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| Problem with matching theory |
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| Main issue with BOTH optimization and matching theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Momentary maximization theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Momentary maximization theory: value depends on |
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Definition
| Amount, qualit, state of individual |
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Term
| Major difference between momentary maximization theory and matching/optimization theories |
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| Self control choice: immediate reinforcement |
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Definition
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| Self control choice: delayed reinforcement |
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Definition
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Term
| Self control choice: delay discounting |
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Definition
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Definition
| Value of reinforcer decreases as delay between making choice and receiving; an individual will choose the alternative with the reinforcer of highest value at the moment of decision |
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Term
| Self control choice: benefits of delaying gratification |
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Definition
| Ability to concentrate on tasks, pursuing goals, resisting temptation, tolerate frustration |
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Term
| Factors affecting self control: individual differences |
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Definition
| Some are naturally better ad delaying gratification (reinforcement) than others |
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Term
| Factors affecting self control: size, visibility, distractors |
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Definition
| Size does matter, more difficult to wait when visible or readily available, other reinforcers OR stimuli in environment to keep one engaged during delay |
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Term
| Factors affecting self control: modeling |
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Definition
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Term
| Improving self control: precommitment |
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Definition
| Decision made in advance, and its very difficult to change at a later time |
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Term
| Improving self control: self reinforcement |
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Definition
| Adding reinforcers and or punishers, you can also add a punishment in attempt to punish the bad choice or behavior and steer one toward the better choice or behavior |
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Term
| Improving self control: cognitive strategies (ex: visual reminders) |
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Definition
| Attempt to train people to use certain thought processes and techniques to improve self control, selectively thinking about the large, delayed reinforcer (talking your mind off the more immediate one) can help ward off the poorer, more impulsive decision |
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| Several studies show that humans tend to be risk prone when resources are scarce |
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| March and Shapira: findings |
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Definition
| Individuals and groups tend to take larger risks when its for the "survival" |
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Definition
| People choose to take a risk when evaluating potential losses, avoid risks when evaluating potential gains; people more willing to take risks to avoid losses than achieve gains |
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Definition
| Give greater weight to outcomes that are sure things |
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Term
| The tragedy of the commons |
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Definition
| In many cases, person making an impulsive choice in self control scenario -> acting against their own long term interests |
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Term
| The tragedy of the commons (examples) |
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Definition
| Corporate polluters, individual polluters, highway congestion, buying foreign-made cheaper products, near extinction of the american bison, excessive fishing, de-forestation |
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Term
| How to avoid the tragedy of the commons |
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Definition
| Precommitment, reinforcers/punishers, cognitve strategies |
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Term
| Paradox in parents influence solution |
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Definition
| Use differential reinforcement, response costs, "time outs", also provide children with model of reactions which fis firm yet moderate |
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