did classical conditioning experiment with Little Albert, who became scared of white rats, rabbits, and mink coats

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goal of behavior is to reduce biological drives, and reinforcement occurs whenever a biological drive is reduced

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result of learning connections between different events - through experience, stimuli that previously had no relation to a specific reflex could come to trigger that reflex

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stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response

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response reflexively elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a nonreflexive response

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response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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period during which an organism is learning the association of the stimuli

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when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, the CR becomes unlearned

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after extinction occurs, presenting the CS without the UCS will elicit a weak CR

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tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit the CR

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presenting the UCS following the CS

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presenting the CS following the UCS; generally unsuccessful

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neutral stimulus is paired with a CS rather than UCS

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two neutral stimuli are paired together and then one of them is paired with the UCS

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CS is a good signal for UCS

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CS and UCS are contiguous in time

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CS is a good signal for UCS and provides nonredundant information about the occurance of the UCS

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reward learning/instrumental conditioning

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if a reponse is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

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behavior is rewarded which increases the probability of the response

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behavior removes something undesirable, which increases the probability of response

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behavior avoids something undesirable, which increases probability of response

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behavior causes something undesirable which decreases probability of behavior

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behavior that used to bring reward no longer does so, which decreases probability of behavior

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a stimulus condition that indicates the organism's behavior will have consequences

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it takes longer to extinguish a response which was acquired through only occasional reinforcement

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behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses

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behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses

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behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since last reinforcement

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behavior will be reinforced for the first response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement

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reinforcement is given for every response

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reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior

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reinforce the desired response while extinguishing others

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forcing the client to directly experience the feared object (CS)

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forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS)

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forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS) while trying to ensure that the client stays relaxed by using deep relaxation and an anxiety hierarchy

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pairing a desired CS with an aversive UCS

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general name for therapies that attempt to change client's behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior

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written agreement that explicitly states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts

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removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable behavior

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using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity

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placed hungry cat in puzzle box (cage animal can open by simple action) and placed food dish just outside box - cat can escape puzzle box quicker each time

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placed chimps in enclosed play areas and placed food within sight but out of reach - said this demonstrated animal insight

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conducted experiments with rats in mazes to show that behavior isn't always simply a matter of stimulus-response reinforcement learning - if familiar path through maze was blocked, rats could adopt alternative route

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did classical conditioning experiment with thirsty rats - either sweet water or bright-noisy water, paired with nausea or shock - only learned aversion when had an inborn tendency to associate stimulus with consequence

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used shaping in attempt to train raccoon to pick up coins and deposit them in piggy bank, but instead raccoon rubbed coins together, dipped in bank, then took out again - instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning

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a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal

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features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular fixed-action pattern

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a sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals

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a model more effective at triggering a fixed-action pattern than the actual sign stimulus found in nature

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a mechanism in the animal's nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct fixed-action patterns

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behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species - provide animal with way to identify others of own species

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found that honey bees are able to communicate direction and sitance of food source through movement patterns

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not every member of species is equally successful at surviving and reproducing - some of this variation is genetic - to extent genetic variation increases chances of reproduction, it will tend to be passed down

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number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce

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when animal's behavior decreases its reproductive fitness

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animals act to increase inclusive fitness, which takes into account not just number of offspring surviving to reproductive age but also number of other relatives surviving

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