Term
| Natural gas was first used significantly in London the beginning of the 19th century. What was that use limited to? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the first US gas franchise granted?? |
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Definition
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Term
| What caused an increase in the deman for manufactured gas? |
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Definition
| The inability to transport natural gas |
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Term
| From 1901 to 1925 how much did natural gas sales increase? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did manufactured gas use peak? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since WWII, how has natural gas use grown compared to other primary fuels? |
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Definition
| natural gas use has grown faster than any other types of primary fuel |
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Term
| What was the percent increase of natural gas from 1950 to 1970? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the rates of increase of consumption from 1950 for natural gas, petroleum, and coal? |
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Definition
natural gas 6.6%
petroleum 3.9%
coal .3% |
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Term
| How much of the energy used in the US comes from the combustion of natural gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Natural gas occurs in reservoirs under which geological conditions? |
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Definition
1. Adequate reservoir rock of appropriate porosity and permeability
2. a relatively impervious cap rock
3. a structural trap to confine the natural gas
(Structural traps are the same as that for petroleum) |
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Term
| Why are natural gas and petroleum often (though not always) found together in the same reservoir? |
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Definition
| because of similarities in reservoir conditions |
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Term
| What is associated natural gas? |
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Definition
| When oil and gas are found together |
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Term
| What is nonassociated natural gas? |
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Definition
| when oil and gas are found alone |
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Term
| What is nonassociated natural gas? |
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Definition
| when oil and gas are found alone |
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Term
| What are 3 types of structural traps for natural gas? |
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Definition
1. Anticline (hill)
2. Fault (like a crack inside earth)
3. Stratigraphic trap |
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Term
| Describe the density layers of water, oil and natural gas? |
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Definition
1. water at bottom
2. oil in middle
3. natural gas at the top |
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Term
| What are oil and natural gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| When he talk about natural gas what are we talking about? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of commerical natural gas is methane CH4? |
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Definition
| 80% to 95% of the natural gas consumption |
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Term
| What are some things present in methane? |
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Definition
1. other saturated hydrocarbons (propane, butanes, pentanes, etc. some ethane c2h6 is almost always present)
2. Non hydrocarbon gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide are also common compoents
3. usually certain undersirable impurities are present
4. and in addition some haeavy, condensable hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
| contains significant amounts of condensable hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains amounts of condensable hydrocarbons that are too samll for economical recovery |
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Term
| What happens with wet gas? |
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Definition
| Wet gas is converted to dry gas by processing which removes the condensable hydrocarbons |
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Term
| What are recoverable condensable hydrocarbons called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is LPG liquefied petroleum gas? |
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Definition
| the propane and butanes obtained from these liquids |
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Term
| How do you classify crude natural gas? |
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Definition
1. Wet natural gas
2. Dry natural gas
3. Sour natural gas
4. Sweet natural gas |
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Term
| What is sour natural gas? |
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Definition
| contains sufficient amounts of sulfur compounds and or carbon dioxide to be corrosive or offensive smelling |
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Term
| What is sweet natural gas? |
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Definition
| can be obtained from sour gas by processes which remove the offending components |
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Term
| List the natural gases in order of composition (volume percent) from biggest to smallest |
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Definition
1. Methane CH4
2. Ethane C2H4
4. Propane C3H6
4. Butane C4H8
5. Pentane C5H10 |
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Term
| About how much heating value is in the natural gases? |
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Definition
| About 1050 Btu/cubic foot |
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Term
| What are some undesirable impurities found in crude natural gas? |
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Definition
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Nitrogen
3. Water vapor
4. Hydrogen sulfides
5. thiols or other organic sulfur compounds |
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Term
| What is required of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in natural gas in some markets? |
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Definition
| In some cases the gas cannot be marketed until the CO2 and N are removed as they usually reduce the heating value of gas |
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Term
| What can reduce the heating value of gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can sometimes happen with CO2 if there is enough? |
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Definition
| can be converted to dry ice |
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Term
| About what percent is N usually in natural gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| About what percent in CO2 usually in gas? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are heavy hydrocarbons removed from wet natural gas? |
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Definition
| By scrubbing the gas with a heavy hydrocarbon |
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Term
| What doe the equipment that performs the oil-absorption process consist of? |
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Definition
1. A tower for absorbing the propanes, butanes, and other heavier hydrocarbons
2. A stripping tower for removing these hydrocarbons from the scrubbing oil
3. A purification system for separting the recovered hydrocarbons which are then converted into marketable materials |
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Term
| How is water removed from natural gas? |
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Definition
1. Adsorption onto the surface of activated solid drying agents
2. Absorption into hygroscopic liquids |
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Term
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Definition
| the accumulation of molecules of a gas to form a thin film on the surface of a solid |
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Term
| What 2 liquids possess dehydrtaing properties and are used extensively in the natural gas industry? |
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Definition
1. diethylene glycol
2. triethylene gycol |
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Term
| What does a glycol dehydration unit consist primarily of? |
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Definition
1. An absorption tower
2. A generator
3. A solvent reclaimer |
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Term
| What does an absorption tower do? |
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Definition
| Here the glycol stream flows countercurrent to the gas stream |
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Term
| What does a regenerator do? |
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Definition
| The absorbed water is distilled from the glycol |
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Term
| What does a solvent reclaimer do? |
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Definition
| Prevent the buildup of undesirablle impurities in the glycol |
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Term
| What is the method used to remove Carbon dioxide and hydrogenin the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sometimes used in the Girbotol process? |
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Definition
| an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (sometimes diethanolamine) are used |
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Term
| What are two dehydrating agents? |
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Definition
diethylene glycol
triethylene glycol |
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Term
| What are 2 CO2 and H2S removal agents? |
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Definition
| monoethanolamine and diethanolamine |
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Term
| What are two odorizing agents? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sulfur hydrogen bond (SH) |
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Term
| How do monoethanolamine and diethanolamine differ? |
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Definition
| in their selectivity for H2S and CO2 |
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Term
| What is the glycol-amine process? |
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Definition
| a combination of the glycol process and ethanolamine process |
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Term
| Is there an economical process to remove nitrogen from most natural gases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Processed natural gas is not toxic to plant or animal life without a few exceptions |
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Definition
| eg: Animals kept in an atmosphere containin 25% natural gas for 30 days remained normal in every aspect; plants and tree roots in most cases that were exposed to natural gas were not injured |
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Term
| What is added to natural gas in small amounts to alloiw gas leaks to be detected by smell? |
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Definition
| certain odorizing compounds such as the thiols of ethane, butane, and pentane or other organic sulfides or disulfieds (add SH) |
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