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| Where do all sources of energy come from? |
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| Ways in which the simplest particles in the universe interact with each other |
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| Four Fundamental Interactions are: |
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1. Gravitation
2. Weak Interaction
3. Electromagnetism
4. Strong Interaction |
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| What is the weakest (but most pervasive) of all forces? |
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| Which force is generated by all bodies with mass? |
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| Which force is 10e36 times weaker than the electromagnetic force? |
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| Which force has not been integrated with others in a mathematical way, by physics? |
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| What is the weakest of fundamental forces? |
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| Which force is 6 * 10-39 of the strength of the strongest nuclear forces? |
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| What is the Force of Attraction Equation? |
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| Which fundamental force is the Force of Attraction Equation used in? |
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| Which fundamental force are wind, food, and natural gas examples of? |
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| Which fundamental force keeps 2 solid objects from passing through each other? |
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| What is the electromagnetic force that is responsible for all chemical reactions and the most recognizable physical properties around us? |
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| Which force holds molecules together into cells & helods cells together? |
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| What make up all of the electromagnetic radiation from cosmic rays to visible light to extremely low frequency radio waves? |
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| Name 2 things that are made of photons. |
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| Change the character of the particles creating atoms & molecules. |
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| What are two characteristics of photons? |
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1. They have no mass.
2. They are able to carry the force & attract protons & electrons together. |
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| What does Coulomb's Law of Electromagetism describe? |
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| magnitude of the electrostatic force between two electric charges |
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| What does Coulomb's Law state? |
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| Like charges repel; unlike charges attract |
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| Magnetic Law: Electromagnetism |
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| (Curl)Force is in direction the thumb twists; (Palm)Palm pushes the way force would be |
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| What is an electric field generated by? |
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| What do Maxwell's Equations show? |
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| Combined to show that light is an electromagnetic wave. |
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| Which force is responsible for a relatively small range of fundamental interactions? |
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| What mediates beta decay and happens when a neutron breaks down into a proton and an electron or positron? |
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| What is the strong nuclear force that holds the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus? |
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| Which force is 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force? |
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| When nuclear reactions happen what happens to nuclei? |
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| Nuclei are smashed and energy from the strong force is released. |
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| When does the strong force lose all its strength? |
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| On distances much wider than the atomic nucleus |
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| List the Fundamental Forces from Strongest to Weakest |
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1. Strong
2. Electromagnetic
3. Weak
4. Gravity |
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| List the Fundamental Forces from Weakest to Strongest |
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1. Gravity
2. Weak
3. Electromagnetic
4. Strong |
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| If Gravitation is "1", what are the relative strengths of Weak, Electromagnetic, and Strong Interactions? |
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1. Weak: 10e25
2. Electromagnetic: 10e36
3. Strong: 10e38 |
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| The study of the effects of work, heat and energy on a system. |
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| What question should you ask when looking at a source? |
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| "Where is the money flowing?" "Who is funding this?" |
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| List the Hierarchy of Sources of Information |
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1. Peer-reviewed articles
2. Professional Journals
3. Books
4. Magazines
5. Govern, Non-profit, and Educations websites (.ov, .org, .edu)
3. Commercial websites: .com, .net
4. Newspaper Articles |
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| List the 7 of the common forms of energy. |
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1. Chemical Energy
2. Heat Energy
3. Mass Energy
4. Kinetic Energy
5. Potential Energy
6. Electric Energy
7. Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| What always happens when energy is transformed? |
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| Which energy is stored in chemicals or materials and can be released by chemical reactions? |
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| List 4 examples of chemical energy. |
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1. Fossil Fuels
2. Charged Electric batteries
3. Food
4. Conventional explosives
5. Body fat |
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| List 4 examples of chemical energy. |
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1. Fossil Fuels
2. Charged Electric batteries
3. Food
4. Conventional explosives
5. Body fat |
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| Which energy is associated with random molecular and electronic motions within any medium? |
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| What is another time for heat energy? |
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| What is heat energy content directly proportional to? |
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| What is a form of heat energy? |
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| Geothermal energy; Heat lamp radiation |
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| Energy can be converted to what? |
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| Mass can be converted to what? |
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| What is an example of mass energy? |
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| What is Einstein's formula and which type of energy does it refer to? |
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E=mc(2); energy = mass * speed of light
Mass Energy |
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| Which energy is a form of mechanical energy that has to do with mass in motion? |
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| List 2 examples of kinetic energy. |
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| What is the formula for KE? |
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| KE = 1/2 mv2 (m=mass; v = velocity) |
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| Which energy is stored and used later? |
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| Which energy is associated with position in a force field? |
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| What is the formula for potential energy? |
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| PE = w x h (weight * height) |
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| Electric Energy is also which type of energy? |
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| What is a common device for storing electric energy? |
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| What is the formula for electric energy? |
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| PE = q x V (q = electric charge, V = higher electric potential) |
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| What are 3 examples of Electromagnetic Radiation? |
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1. Light in this room
2. Wireless on laptop
3. X-rays |
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| What energy is radiated by the Sun and travels to the earth and elsewhere? |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| What is the part of ht espectrum that is visible to us? |
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| What is electromagnetic radition characterized by? |
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| (wavelength and frequency) |
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| What is the velocity of light formula? |
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c = f x upside down looking y
speed of light = frequency X wavelength |
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| Who suggested taht light consists of photons? (Electromagnetic Radiation) |
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| What is the formular for electromagnetic radiation? |
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E = n x h x f
Energy constant of light = number of photons x Plants Constant x frequency of light |
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| Number for Planck's constant (Electromagnetic Radiation) |
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| What are nonrenewable energy sources? |
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| Those that coul det exhausted within a relatively short time as a result of exploiting them. |
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| What are renewable resources? |
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| Those can can never be consumed to completion. |
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| List the 10 Parameters for analyzing every energy source. |
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1. Fundamental Forces of nature
2. Total resource base and reserve base available
3. Energy returned on energy invested
4. Portablility of the source
5. fungibility
6. continuity of flow
7. Convenience
8. Infrastructure requirements
9. Rate of Flow
10. Pollution: Numclear, chemical, biological, audio, and visual |
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| Hydroelectricity is an example of which type of energy? |
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| Photovoltaic is an example of which type of energy? |
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| What does a resource base indicate? |
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| the total amount of energy resource that exists for a particular source |
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| What is an energy reserve? |
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| The estimated quantity of energy source that is known to exist with a certainty and that can be recovered with present day technology at an economical cost (EROEI) - not money |
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| How are energy reserves projected? |
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| Based on geologic and engineering data and it is drawn depending on proved reserves |
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| What is the relationship between reserves and resources. |
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| Reserves are lower than resources. |
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| Energy Returned on Energy Invested (EROEI) |
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| EROEI = Usable acquired energy/energy expended |
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| When is EROEI NOT a viable source? |
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| When EROEI is equal to or less than 1. |
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| EROEI refers to the ratio of what? |
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| The amount of energy in fuel and the amount of energy spent on getting the fuel |
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| What was the EROEI of oil before 1950? |
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| 100 to 1 (get 100 barrels spend 1 barrel) |
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| What was the EROEI of oil in the 1970s? |
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| What was the EROEI of oil in 2005? |
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| Total mass of energy providing materials (oil, coal, as, wind turbine, etc) |
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| The ability of transporting the source |
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| What is an example of an easily portable item? |
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| What is an example of an energy that is not easily portable? |
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| Indicates whether an energy source can be replaceable |
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| What is a factor of how funible energy really is? |
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| The ability to substitute with alternative sources of energy. |
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| When is an energy source said to be fungible? |
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| When is can be replaced by another source. (Can replace something or can be replaced) ex. not all sources are equal - you can't run your laptop off a piece of coal |
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| What is continuity of flow? |
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| Continuity determines whether an energy source can be used for continuous periods of time or intermittently |
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| What is an energy source that can be used continuously? |
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| What is an example of an item that does not have continuity of flow (it is intermittent)? |
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| What does convenience refer to? |
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| whether an energy source is avilable everywhere and if it is present and abundant |
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| What is an energy source that is abundant but not convenient? |
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| Solar - it's only available in the day |
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| Prove that Solar energy is abundant. |
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| solar energy provides 86,000 terawatts of energy compared to the total world energy sumption which is around 20 terawatts |
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| Which is more convenient, filling gas tank or charging electric car? |
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| What are some safety changes since 3 mile island? |
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1. Upgrading and strengthening of plant design and equipment.
2. identifying human performance as a critical part of plant safety
3. improved instruction
4. enhancement of emergency preparedness
5. regular analysis of plant performance
6. explansion of NRC's resident insprector program
7. establishment of the Institue of Nuclear Power operations (INPO)
8. Installation of equipment to mitigate accident conditions |
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| List to examples of Nuclear accidents. |
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1. Chernobyl
2. Three mile Island |
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| What was the most serious commercial nuclear accident in history? |
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| Three Mile Island; 1979; Pa |
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| What accident in 1986 was due to a flawed reactor design which was operated with inadequately trained personnel? |
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| How much radioactive reactor core was released into atmosphere |
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| at least 5% of radioactive reactor core |
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| What safety measures are taken with a dam? |
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| the infrastucture should be maintained or else a break could lead to floods |
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| what safety measures should be taken with electric energy? |
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| avoiding overloads and possible electric shocks |
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| What does the graph look like for Carbon Dioxide (from 1751-2004)? |
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| Looks like a hockey stick |
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| What happens with carbon emissions left in the air in the case of coal and oil fed power plants? |
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| destroy the earth's atmosphere which adversely affects the environment. |
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| What are the top 3 oil producers today? |
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1. Saudi Arabia
2. Russia
3. U.S. |
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| What was the top oil producer in 1965? |
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| Why is US no longer the number 1 oil producer? |
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| peak curve for all minable resources |
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| What eventually happens with minable resources? |
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| Reach peak; can't keep up this production; production starts decling; start having trouble when you have exhausted half the resource |
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| What is the rate of flow? |
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| Indicates the rate at which an energy source cab be utilized |
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| What does the rate of flow for minable resources look like? |
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| bell shaped curve of production vs. time |
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| Discuss rate of flow in wind and solar energy. |
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Wind: one time gust of wind will not work - need continuous wind flow
Solar panel in 20 years, a panel of size will deliver 1kW over all 20 years in the best case |
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| Describe the rate of flow in a car's fuel tank. |
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| You can keep going at a constant level at then it stops abruptly at zero. (out of gas) |
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| Describe the rate of flow in an oil well. |
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| Not at all like a car fuel tank. It's more like a curve. |
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| Which type of energy is worst infrastructure wise? |
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| List the infrastructure requirements for electrical works. |
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1. Equipment at the point of connection.
2. Underground cable networks.
3. Electrical switchgear for protection.
4. Earth electrical systems. |
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| List some examples of infrastructure. |
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Definition
| Pumps, valves, control systems, simulators, switchgear and motor control centers, emergency diesel generators, piping and metals |
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| Example of Electromagnetism |
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Definition
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| Example of Weak Interaction |
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Definition
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| What is an example of a weak interaction? |
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Definition
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| What is an example of a strong interaction? |
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| Second law of Thermodynamics |
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| Heat travels from hot to cold; Entropy |
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| Fourth Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Can maximize efficency or maximize power but can't do both |
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| Third Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Objects are in entropy until they are so cold they are at absolute zero |
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| What type of energy is photosynthesis? |
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| What is the total world energy consumption? |
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| Equilibrium and Temperature; When two objects are separately in theormodynamic equilibrium with a third object, they are in equilibrium with each other |
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| First Law of Themodynamics |
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