Term
|
Definition
Information gathering through a variety of tools
Used to describe a concept and to explain or explore the relationship between concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The concept that all knowledge is derived from experience that comes from observation and experimentation
The results are based on actual evidence not conjecture (results can be replicated)
Information takes the form of data
Researcher works with the data, organizing and analyzing it to produce knowledge
Knowledge is data-based |
|
|
Term
| Common Characteristics of Research |
|
Definition
It is empirical
systematic
valid
reliable (same results each time)
Research can take on a variety of forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exploratory
Descriptive
Explanatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Explores a new concept
Case studies, needs assessment
Data collected is through interviews, small groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describes what is happening
Generally relies on data/statistics/demographics
Data collected through sampling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Explanatory
Does one variable (intervention) cause a change in another?
Data collected are intended to show causality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Identify a Problem/Issue
Review Information
Create Research Plan
Collect data
Analyze data
Draw Conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ideologies of care
Isomorphism
Lack of resources
Politics and Policies
Lack of knowledge, skills, training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic or condition that is the same for everyone in the study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic that takes on different values or conditions for different individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outcome or result/consequence that is assumed to depend on or be caused by
the independent variable.
Called the outcome variables
What you might be trying to predict
Called the “y” variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refers to the program or the independent variable that is manipulated by the researcher to cause or determine a desired outcome (dependent variable).
x= independent variable= Your Intervention/Program |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A tentative theory or supposition provisionally
adopted to explain certain facts, and to guide
investigation of others; hence, frequently called
a working hypothesis.
Typically proposes an association or
relationship between two or more variables to be
tested.
Often written as a statement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Discreet
Continuous
Mutually Exclusive AND Exhaustive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No data point in between each point, not related numerically:
Categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal intervals between each data point |
|
|
Term
| Mutually Exclusive AND Exhaustive |
|
Definition
| Responses fit into only one category and all options are represented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Follows a Systematic Approach
Subjective
Inductive
Not generalizable
Qualifies (Words) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Follows a Systematic Approach
Objective
Deductive
May be generalizable
Quantifies (Numbers) |
|
|
Term
| Cross Sectional Study Design |
|
Definition
A study that is based on observations
representing a single point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A description of past events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A holistic description of present phenomena is developed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A study that is based on observations representing a single point in time |
|
|
Term
| Cross Sectional Study Design |
|
Definition
For instance a statement such as: school age children brush their teeth once daily, can be based on the conclusions from a national telephone survey of households with school age children
Identified low-income community
Conducted systematic sampling (interviewed 5th house)
Interviewed 100 females (mothers or legal guardians)
Assessed needs related to MCH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A study design involving the collection of data at different points in time (i.e., three months, six months, and 12 months after an intervention).
Panel, Cohort, Time Series |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal Study Design |
|
Definition
Children with asthma who are exposed to second hand
smoke will experience a decrease in their quality of life.
To show this, families are interviewed at 3, 6, 9 and 12
mos.
Identify 100 Children (ages 3-5) who have 2 parents who smoke in the home
Conduct the baseline health assessment with 100 children
3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 12 month assessments
Assess health outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uses one or more experimental variables
No random selection
Groups self-select
Question asked: What is the effect of the
experimental variable? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quasi-Experimental Study Design |
|
Definition
Identified 20 Campsites
Screened 500 Farm Workers
Recruited 300 Farm Workers
Experimental Group/ Control Group
150 farm workers:10 Campsites/ 150 farm workes: 10 campsites
Pre Test/Pre Test
8 Educational Sessions/ 8 Safety Education Sessions
Radio
fotonovela
post test/post test
Data Analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aims at identifying cause and effect relationships between and/or among variables
Researcher manipulates the independent
variable
Must have a control group and random
assignment between groups
Question asked: What is the effect of the
experimental variable? |
|
|
Term
| Nonexperimental Quantitative Research |
|
Definition
No experimental variables are manipulated
Survey research
Database research
Question asked: What are the characteristics of the variables?
What, if any, are the relationships between the variables? |
|
|
Term
*Koch’s Postulates
*Henle-Koch Postulates: A German Researcher that
identified that the above 4 rules must be met in order
to conclude that a given event causes a specific
disease or behavior |
|
Definition
1. There is an association
2. Consistency from study to study
3. Correct temporal relationship
4. Rule out alternative explanations |
|
|
Term
Postulate/Condition #1
There is an association |
|
Definition
An association simply means that two variables change
together in some way. A positive association can be
described when the presence of one variable
(afterschool tutoring) predicts the presence of the
second variable (higher GPA) |
|
|
Term
| #1 There is an association |
|
Definition
Studies have shown that children who are exposed to X
number of hours of tutoring per day/week are more likely
to demonstrate a higher GPA. |
|
|
Term
Postulate/Condition # 2
Consistency from study to study |
|
Definition
| Consistency of an observation or association. |
|
|
Term
| #2 Consistency from study to study |
|
Definition
Example:
Studies have shown that children who read regularly are
more likely to score better in reading comprehension |
|
|
Term
Postulate/Condition #3
Correct temporal relationship |
|
Definition
| Determine that there is temporal association (independent variable precedes dependent variable) |
|
|
Term
| #3 Correct temporal relationship |
|
Definition
Example:
Studies have shown that adults who were abused as children are more likely to engage in high risk behaviors |
|
|
Term
Postulate/Condition # 4
Rule out alternative explanations |
|
Definition
| Rule out alternative explanations (make sure that other independent variables are not causing the dependent variable) |
|
|
Term
| # 4 Rule out alternative explanations |
|
Definition
Example:
What really caused the increase in HIV
testing in California back in 1990?
Social Marketing?
Magic Johnson? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consistency from study to study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Correct temporal relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rule out alternative explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Association:
Yes; you can measure the changes in x and y over time.
Consistency:
Yes; you can get repeated measures of x an y over time.
Temporal Order:
Yes; you can measure changes in x and y over time through
observation.
Rule out alternative explanations:
No; you cannot control for IV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Association: Yes; can measure presence and absence of x & y
Consistency: Yes; you can get repeated measures with large samples.
Temporal Order: No; you can not ascertain if x follows y or y follows x.
Rule Out Alternative Explanations: No; you cannot control
IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Association: Yes; can measure presence and absence of x & y
Consistency:Yes; you can get repeated measures with large samples.
Temporal Order: Yes; you control the IV and prove that the DV occurs in the presence of the IV and not in its absence.
Rule Out Alternative ExplanationsNo; you cannot rule out alternative explanations. |
|
|
