Term
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Definition
| The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward. |
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Term
| Principle of hierarchical integration |
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Definition
| The principle that simple skills typically develop seperately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills. |
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Term
| Principle of the independence of systems |
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Definition
| The principle that different body systems grow at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic nerve cell of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| The gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons- which speeds the transmission of electrical impulses alone brain cells but also adds to brain weight |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper layer of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation. |
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Term
| Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
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Definition
| The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming. |
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Term
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| The unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby. |
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Term
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Definition
| The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age. |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
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Definition
| A measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavioral responses to their environment |
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Term
| Non-organic failure to thrive |
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Definition
| A disorder in which infants stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical stimulation of the sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain. |
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Term
| Multimodal Approach to Perception |
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Definition
| The approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with mental functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events. |
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Term
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Definition
| The realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen. |
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Term
| Information Processing Approaches |
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Definition
| The model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lack of memory for experiences that occured prior to 3 years of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making speechlike but meaningless sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| One-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which they are used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out. |
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Term
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Definition
| The overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language. |
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Term
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Definition
| The overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure. |
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Term
| Language-Acquisition Device (LAD) |
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Definition
| A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of the language. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual. |
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Term
| Ainsworth Strage Situation |
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Definition
| A sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother. |
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Term
| Secure attachment pattern |
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Definition
| A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns. |
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Term
| Avoidant attachment pattern |
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Definition
| A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior. |
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Term
| Ambivalent attachment pattern |
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Definition
| A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers. |
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Term
| Disorganized-disoriented attachment patterns |
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Definition
| A style of attachement in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another |
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Term
| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| The theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others- and their own- behavior. |
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Term
| Trust-verses-mistrust stage |
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Definition
| According to Erikson, the period during which intants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers. |
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Term
| Autonomy-verses-shame-and-doubt stage |
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Definition
| The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of arousal and emotionally that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw. |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment, their moods are generally negative and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised. |
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