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| The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest. |
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| A collaborative effort between the police & the community that identifies problems of crime & disorder & involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems. |
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| A crime-analysis & police management process, built on crime mapping, that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s. |
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| The anticipation, recognition, & appraisal of a crime risk & the initiation of an action to eliminate or reduce it. |
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| The physical area in which a crime is thought to have occurred & in which evidence of the crime is thought to reside. |
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| An expert trained in the use of forensics techniques, such as gathering DNA evidence, collecting fingerprints, photographing the scene, sketching, & interviewing witnesses. |
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| Information compiled, analyzed, or disseminated in an effort to determine what happened & who is responsible when a crime has occurred. |
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| The process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying, & presenting evidence to determine what happened & who is responsible when a crime has occurred. |
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| Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) |
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| The collection & analysis of information to produce an intelligence end product designed to inform police decision making at both the tactical & strategic levels. |
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| A style of policing marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law. Legalistic departments may take a hands-off approach to disruptive or problematic behavior that does not violate the criminal law. |
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| In police organizations, the field activities or supervisory activities directly related to day-to-day police work. |
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| The International Justice & Public Safety Information Sharing Network. |
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| Peace Officer Standards & Training Program (POST) |
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| The official program of a state or legislative jurisdiction that sets standards for the training of law enforcement officers. All states set such standards, although not all use the term POST. |
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| Police-Community Relations (PCR) |
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Definition
| An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community & the police to work together effectively. PCR is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve. Many police agencies began to explore PCR in the 1960s & 1970s. |
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| The opportunity for police officers to exercise choice in their enforcement activities |
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| The special responsibility to adhere to moral duty & obligation that is inherent in police work. |
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| The administrative activities of controlling, directing, & coordinating police personnel, resources, & activities in the service of preventing crime, apprehending criminals, recovering stolen property, & performing regulatory & helping services. |
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| The increasing formalization of police work & the accompanying rise in public acceptance of the police. |
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| A particular set of values, beliefs, & acceptable forms of behavior characterisitic of American police. Socialization into the police subculture begins with recruit training & continues thereafter. |
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| Preliminary Investigation |
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Definition
| All of the activities undertaken by a police officer who responds to the scene of a crime, including determining whether a crime has occurred, securing the crime scene, & preserving evidence. |
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| A type of policing that assumes that crimes can be controlled by uncovering & effectively addressing the underlying social problems that cause crime. Problem-solving policing makes use of community resources, such as counseling centers, welfare programs, & job-training facilities. It also attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, & conflict management. |
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| A minor violation of the law (sometimes called a petty crime) that demoralizes community residents & businesspeople. Quality-of-life offenses involve facts that create physical disorder (for example, excessive noise or vandalism) or that reflect social decay (for example, panhandling & prostitution. |
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| A measure of the time that it takes for police officers to respond to calls for service. |
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| A style of policing marked by a concern with helping rather than strict enforcement. Service-oriented police agencies are more likely to use community resources, such as drug-treatment programs, to supplement traditional law enforcement activities than are other types of agencies. |
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| Information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrator's identity. |
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| The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular commander. |
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| In police organizations, activities (such as administration & training) that provide support for line operations). |
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| A type of policing that retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include nontraditional kinds of criminals, such as serial offenders, gangs, & criminal associations, drug-distribution networks, & sophisticated white-collar & computer criminals. Strategic policing generally makes use of innovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations undercover stings, electronic surveillance, & sophisticated forensic methods. |
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| The reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into an integrated & versatile police team assigned to a fixed district. |
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| A style of policing marked by a concern for order maintenance. Watchman policing is characteristic of lower-class communities where police intervene informally into the lives of residents to keep the peace. |
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