Term
| Tiberius Gracchus, Publi filius et Tiberi Gaique pater, tam diu laudabitur dum memoria rerum Romanarum manebit. |
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Definition
| Tiberius Gracchus, son of Publius and father of Tiberius and Gaius, will be praised for as long as time as the memory of Roman things shall remain. |
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Term
| At eius filii nec vivi probabntur a bonis, et mortui numerum obtinent iure caesorum. |
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Definition
| But at least his sons were not approved of by the conservatives while alive, and their deaths are numbered among those justly slain. |
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Term
| Tiberius enim convellit statum civitatis; sed qua gravitate vir! qua eloquentia! qua dignitate! |
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Definition
| Tiberius, assuredly, will have shattered the condition of the state; but what a serious man! how eloquent! how dignified! |
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Term
| Nihil ut a patris avique Africani praestabili insignique virtute, praeterquam quod a senatu desciverat, deflexisset. |
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Definition
With the result that, he would not have fallen away at all from the excellent and distinguished virtue of his father and grandfather, Africanus, had he not separated from the senate. |
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Term
| Secutus est Gaius; quo ingenio! quanta vi! quanta gravitate dicendi! |
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Definition
| Gaius came next; a man of what talent; what great weightiness in speaking! |
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Term
| Ut dolerent boni non illa tanta ornamenta ad melioen mentem voluntatemque esse conversa. |
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Definition
| So the conservatives were grieved that those great talents had not been directed towards a better purpose. |
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Term
| Hi duo clarissimi, ingeniosissimi, amantissimi plebis Romanae viri plebem in agris publicis constituere conati sunt, qui agri a privatis antea possidebantur. |
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Definition
| These two men of very famous, very talented, very patriotic, loving of Roman plebs, attempted to establish the plebs on public landscape held by private individuals |
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Term
| Nam agrariam Tiverisu legem ferebat. |
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Definition
| For Tiberius was trying to pass an agrain law pertaining to the land. |
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Term
| Grata erat populo; fortunae constitui tenuiorum videbantur. |
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Definition
| It was pleasing to the people; the fortunes of the poor seemed to be established. |
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Term
| Nitebantur contra optimates, quod et discordiam excitari videbant et, cum locupletes possessionibus diuturnis moverentur, spoliari rem publicam propugnatoribus arbitrabantur. |
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Definition
| The conservatives resisted in opposition, because both saw that discord was being stirred up and, since the rich were being off their long held possesions, they thought that the state was being stripped of its defenders. |
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Term
| Postea frumentariam legem Gaius ferebat; iucunda res plebi; victus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore. |
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Definition
| After Gaius tried to pass a grain law; that was pleasing to the common people by the law; food, certainly, was greatly supplied without work. |
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Term
| Repugnabant boni, quod et ab industria plebem ad desidiam avocari putabant et aerarium exhauriri videbant. |
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Definition
The conservatives fought back, because they both thought the poor were being diverted to sloth and they saw the public treasury exhausted. End 20A |
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Term
| Ubi primum ex nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam iniustae potentiae anteponerent, moveri civitas et dissensio civilis, quasi permixtio terrae, oriri coepit. |
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Definition
| When for the first time men were found from the nobility of the sort who put true glory before unjust power, the state began to be disturbed and dissension among the people, like an earthquake, commenced to arise. |
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Term
| Nam postquam Tiberius et Gaius Gracchus, quorum maiores Punico atque aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in levertatem et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas--noxia atque eo perculsa--gracchorum actionibus obviam iit; et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Gaium ferro necavit. |
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Definition
| But after Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, whose ancestors had added much to the republic by means of Punic and other wars, began to set the people free and to expose the crimes of the few, the nobles--guilty and on account panicky--met with hostility the actions of the Gracchus, and first it put to death Tiberius with the sword, then after a few years, Gaius as he was following down the same path. |
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Term
| Et sane Gracchis cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit. Sed bono vinci satius est quam malo more iniuriam ulcisci. |
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Definition
And to be sure, to the Gracchi, there was a spirit not at all moderate in its lust for victory. But it is better to be defeated in a good way, than to avenge an injury in a bad way. End 20B |
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Term
| Tiberius Gracchus, Tiberii Gracchi clarissimi atque eminentissimi viri filius, Paulus Africani ex filia nepos, tribunus plebis creatus est. |
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Definition
| Tiberius Gracchus, the son of Tiberius Gracchus a very famous and very prominent man, the grandson from the daughter of P. Africanus, was elected to the tribune of the plebs. |
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Term
| Vir erat vita innocentissimus, ingenio florentissimus, proposito sanctissimus, tantis denique adornatus virtutibus, quantas mortalis condicio recipit. |
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Definition
| The man was very innocent in life, very flourishing in talent, very sacred in his intentions, in short, adorned with as many good qualities as human nature permits. |
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Term
| P. Mucio Scaevola l. Calpurnio consulibus, descivit a bonis; promulgatisque agrariis legibus, summa imis misciut et in praeruptum atque anceps periculum adduxit rem publicam. |
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Definition
| With P. Murcio Scaevola and L. Calpurno, while they were consuls, he deserted the conservatives; and with the propostion of agrarian laws, he turned everything topsy-turvy and he led the republic into abrupt and doubtful danger. |
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Term
| Octavioque collegae pro bono publico rogationi intercedenti tribunatum abrogavit. |
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Definition
| He cancelled the office of the tribune of his colleague Octavius for the public good when he interceded in the voting. |
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Term
| Tunc triumviros agris dividendis coloniisque deducendis creavit se socerumque suum, consularem Appium, et Gaium fratrem admodum iuvenem. |
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Definition
| Then he appointed as triumvirs for the purpose of dividing the fields and leading out colonies, himself, his father-in-law, to consul of Appius, and his brother of Gaius (although he was) merely a youth. |
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Term
| Deinde senatus a consule Mucio Scaevola convoctus censuit ut consul armis rem publicam tueretur, sed Scaevola negavit se quicquam vi esse acturum. |
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Definition
| Then the senate hving been called together without the consul thought that the consul considers the republic with arms, but Scaevola denied that. |
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Term
| At. P. Scipio Nasica, pontifex maximus, cum esset consobrinus Ti. Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens, omnes hortatus est, qui salvam esse vellent rem publicam, ut se sequerentur. |
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Definition
| And P. Scipio Nasica, the chief pontifex, since his cousin was Tiberius Gracchus, prefering the country to his relationship, encouraged everyone, who wanted the republic safe so that they could follow it. |
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Term
| Tum optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars melior et maior, et intacta perniciosis consiliis plebs inruere in Gracchum stantem in area Capitolii cum catervis suis. |
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Definition
| Then the conservatives, the senate and the better and larer part of the equestrian order, and that part of the plebs whihc had been untouched by his wicked plans having crowded in Gracchus in the capitol area with his followers. |
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Term
| Postea Scipio Aemilianus a tribuno Carbone interrogatus quid de Ti. Gracchi caede sentiret, respondit si is occupandae rei publicae animum habuisset, iure caesum. |
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Definition
| Afterwards Scipio Aemianus when he had ben asked from the tribune with Carbonus which if he had been rightly slain of Tiberius Caesar Cracchus he might perceive, has ansered if he had the intention of seizing the republic. |
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Term
| Nihilominus hoc initium in urbe Roma civilis sanguinis gladiorumque impunitatis fuit. |
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Definition
Nevertheless this beginning in the city civil Rome of the blood and of the swords of the impunity it has been. End 18 |
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Term
| Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit? |
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Definition
| Who therefore either was or ought to have been more knowledgable than this man ever? |
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Term
Qui saepius cum hoste conflixit quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt. |
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Definition
| He more often struggled with a public enemy than anyone debated with a persoanl opponent, he waged more wars than the others have read about, he established more provinces than the others desired. |
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Term
| Cuius adulescentia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. |
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Definition
| His youth was trained towards knowledge of the generalship not by the precepts of others but his own command not in the disasters of war but by the victories, not by campaigns but by triumphs. |
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Term
| Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo illum non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae? |
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Definition
| In short what kind of war can there be in which the fortune of the republic did not exercise him? |
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Term
| Civile, Africanum, Transalpinum, Hispaniense, servile, navale ellum, varia et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium non solum gesta ab hoc uno sed etiam confecta nulam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae huius viri scientiam fuere possit. |
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Definition
| The civil war, AFrican war, Transalpian war, war with Spains, war with the slaves, the war with ships, various and diverse kinds of both wars and eenmies not only waged this alone but also brought to completion declare that nothing has been placed within military experience, which lies outside the knowledge of the man. |
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Term
| Testes vero virtutum eius imperatoriarum iam omnes sunt orae atque portus. |
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Definition
| Truly the witnesses of his good character as a general and now are all of the shore and foreign tribes and nations finally all seas, every bay and harbor. |
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Term
| Quis enim toto mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret? |
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Definition
| Indeed what place on the endtire during these years either held defenses so strong that it was safe, or was so greatly concealed so that it lie hidden? |
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Term
| Quis navigavit qui non se qut mortis aut servitutis periculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret? |
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Definition
| Who sailed the seas who didn't entrust himself to danger in either death or slavery since by either winter or filled with pirates? |
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Term
| Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liveram per hosce annos? |
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Definition
| Which province did you posess from the unrestrained pirates during these years? |
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Term
| Quod vectigal vobis tutum fuit? |
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Definition
| What tributes were safe for you? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which ally did you defend? |
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Term
| Cui praesidio classibus vestris fuistis? |
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Definition
| For whom were you a bulwack with your fleets? |
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Term
| Tum unius hominis incredibilis ac divina virtus brevi tempore lucem rei publicae attulit. |
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Definition
| The divine strength brought forth one of the incredible men and for a short time the safety of th republic. |
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Term
| Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint, quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. |
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Definition
| And althought you are well aware of it, I would like to emphasize the swiftness with which these things were accomplished. |
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Term
| Cn. Pompeius, nondum temestivo ad naigandum mari, Siciliam adiit, Africam exporavit, in Sardiniam cum classe venit; atque haec tria frumetaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiss classibusque munivit. |
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Definition
| Cn. Pompeius, with the sea not yet ready for sailing, approached Sicily, explored Africa, came into Sardinia by fleet, and these three grain sources of the republice he strengthed by the very same garrisons and fleets. |
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Term
| Omnes qui ubique praedones fuerunt partim capti interfectique sunt, partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. |
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Definition
All those who were robbers everywhere are partly caught and killed, in part they surrendered themselves to the power and command of this one man. |
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Term
| Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. |
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Definition
So, so much, so long lasting a war, scattered so far and wide, by which war all races and nations were being oppressed, Cn. Pompeius prepared for this war at the end of winter, undertook it at the beginning of spring, brought it to copletion by the middle of summer. End 29 |
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Term
| Ita multa Romae geruntur ut vix ea quae fiunt in provinciis audiantur. |
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Definition
| Thus so many things are done at Rome that are thins which are in done in the provinces that are scarcely heard of. |
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Term
| Non vereor ne mihi aliquid, iudices, videar adrogare, si de quaestura mea dixero. |
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Definition
| I am not afraid that I shall seem presumptuous, members of the jury, if I will spead about my quaestorship. |
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Term
| Vere me hercule hoc dicam: sic tum existimabam, nihil homines aliud romae nisi de queastura mea loqui. |
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Definition
| Truly I will this, by Hercules: Then, at that time thus, I was thinking, that men at Rome spoke nothing other than except about my quaestorship. |
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Term
| Frumenti in summa caritate manimum numerum miseram; negotiatoribus comis, mercatoribus iustus, mancipibus liberalis, sociis abstinens; omnibus eram visus in moni officio diligentissimus; excogitati quidam erant a Siculiis honores in me inauditi. |
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Definition
| At a time of very high prices of grain I had sent the greatest amount; I was kindly towards the businessmen, just towards the traders, honorable towards the contractors, abstinent towards our allies; I was seen by all as most diligent in all my duties; certain unheard of honors for me had been contrived by the Sicilians. |
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Term
| Itaque hac spe decedebam, ut mihi populum romanum ultro omnia delaturum putarem. |
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Definition
Therefore with this hope I was heading home, that I thought the people of rome were going to bestow everything upon me of their own accord. |
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Term
| At ego, cum decedens e provincia Puteolos forte venissem diebus iis cum plurimi et lautissimi solent esse in iis locis, concidi paene, iudices, cum ex me quidam quaesisset quo die Roma exissem et num quidman esset novi. |
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Definition
| But I, when on my way home from the province by chance I had come to Puteoluses during those days when very many sophisticated people are accustomed to be in that place, I almost fell over, members of the jury, when a certain someone had asked of me on what day I had emerged from rome and whether there was any news. |
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Term
| Cui cum pespondissem me e provincia decedere, "Etiam me hercule, " inquit, "ut opinor, ex Africa." |
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Definition
When I had answered to him that I was on my way home from the province, "Yes by Hercules", he says, "as I suppose, out of Africa." |
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Term
| Huic ego, iam stomachans, fastidiose, "Immo, ex Sicilia," inquam. |
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Definition
| To this man, no being angry, I say disdainfully "indeed, out of Sicily," |
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Term
| Tum quidam qasi qui omnia sciret, "Quid? tu nescis," inquit, "hunc Syracusis quaestorem fuisse?" |
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Definition
| Then, like a know-it-all, a certain man said "What, you don't know this man had been quaestor at Syracuse?" |
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Term
| Quid multa? Destiti stomachari, et me unum ex iis feci qui ad aquas venissent. |
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Definition
What more? I have stopped being angry, and I have made myself one of tose who had come for the waters. End 31 |
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Term
| Memoria mea ingenti virtutue, diversis moribus fuere viri duo: M. Cato et C. Caesar. |
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Definition
| In my own recollection however, there have been two men of great ability, of different characters--Marcus Cato and Gaius Caesar. |
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Term
| Igitur eis genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere, magnitudo animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii. |
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Definition
| Their family, age, and eloquence were nearly equal, they had the same greatness of sould, likewise glory, but different qualities from one another. |
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Term
| Caesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. |
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Definition
| Caesar was esteemed as great because of his kind deeds and gret liberality, Cato for the integreity of his life. |
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Term
| Ille mansuetudine et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. |
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Definition
| The former became famous by means of his humanity and mercy; his strict austerity hadded eminence to the latter. |
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Term
| Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiendo gloriam adeptus est. |
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Definition
Caesar obtained fame by his readiness in giving, by pardoning, by allievating, Cato by never giving lavishly obtained fame. |
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Term
| In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies. |
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Definition
In the one there was a refuge for the unfortunate and in the other there was a scourge of the wicked. |
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Term
| Illius facilitas, huis constantia laudabatur. |
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Definition
The easygoingness of one, the constancy of the other was praised. |
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Term
| Postremo Caesar in animum induxerat laborare, vigilare, negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere, nihil denegare quod dono dignum esset. |
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Definition
| Finally Caesar had made his mind to work hard and sleep little, while intent upon the interests of his friends neglected his own, to refuse nothing that was worth a gift. |
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Term
| Sibi magnum imperium, exercitum, bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. |
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Definition
For himself he desired a high command, an army, and a new war where his skills could shine forth. |
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Term
| At Catoni studium modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. |
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Definition
But Cato's pursuit was for modesty, decorum, and above all austerity |
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Term
| Non divitiis cum divite, neque factione cum factisoso, sed cum strenuo virtutue, cum modesto pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat; esse quam videri bonus malebat. |
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Definition
| He did not compete in wealth with the wealthy or in party quarrels with the politicians, but rather he competed with the man of action in virtue, with the modest man in self-restraint, and with the innocent man in blamelessness;He preferred to be a good man than to be thought good |
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Term
| Ita, quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum adsequebatur. |
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Definition
And so the less he courted fame, the more it overtook him. End 34B |
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Term
| Tunc lucos petit Aeneas, ubi nubilus umbra |
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Definition
| Then Aeneas heads tto the woods, where darkened with shade |
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Term
| in mare cum flava prorumpit Thybris harena; |
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Definition
| the Thybris burst forward with blond sand into the sea; |
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Term
| Faunigenaeque domo potitur nataque Latini, |
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Definition
| He takes possession of the house and daughter of Latinus, descended from Faunus, |
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Term
| non sine Marte tamen. Bellum cum gente feroci |
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Definition
| not without warfare however. War with the savage race |
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Term
| suscipitur, pactaque furit pro coniuge Turnus. |
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Definition
| was undertaken, and Turnus rages on behalf of his betrothed wife. |
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Term
| Concurrit Latio Tyrrhenia tota, diuque |
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Definition
| All of Etrusia rushes together to Latium, for a long time |
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Term
| ardua sollicitis victoria quaeritur armis. |
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Definition
a difficult victory is sought by means of agitated arms. |
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Term
| Auget uterque suas externo robore vires; |
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Definition
| Each of the two increases his own strength by external force; |
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Term
| et multi Rutulos, multi Troiana tuentur |
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Definition
| and many men guard the Rutulians, and many men protected the Trojans |
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Term
| moenia. Habetque deos pars utraque, quodque deorum est |
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Definition
| city walls. Each of the two parts has gods |
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Term
| instar, habent animos. Nec iam dotalia regna |
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Definition
| and, that which is the equivalent to the gods, they have courage. And now no longer do they seek the kingdom as a dowry |
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Term
| nec sceptrum soceri nec te, Lavinia virgo, |
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Definition
nor the scepter of their father-in-law, nor you, maiden Lavinia |
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Term
| sed vicisse petunt; depondendique pudore |
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Definition
| but they seek to conquer; an by the shame of giving up |
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Term
| bella gerunt. Tandemque Venus victricia nati |
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Definition
| they wage war. At last Venus sees the victorious |
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Term
| arma videt, Turnusque cadit; cadit Ardea, Turno sospite dicta potens. |
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Definition
arms of the son, and Turnus falls down; Ardea falls down, reputed powerful while Turnus was alive. End 49 |
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Term
| Vox fuit haec regis: "Condenti, Iuppiter, urbem, et genitor Mavors Vestaque mater, ades; |
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Definition
| This was the speech of the king: be present for me, Jupiter, as I found my city, and father Mavors and mother Vesta; |
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Term
| quosque pium est adhibere deos, advertite cuncti. Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. |
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Definition
| An all you gods, whom piety summons, take note. Let this work rise up for me beneath your auspices. |
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Term
| Longa sit huic aetas dominaeque potentia terrae, sitque sub hac oriens occiduusque dies. |
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Definition
To this ruling land may its time and power be lengthy, and may the rising and setting day be beneath this land. |
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Term
| Ille precabatur; tonitru dedit omina laevo Iuppiter et laevo fulmina missa polo. |
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Definition
| So he was praying, Jupiter added his omen with thunder on the left and his lightining was sent from the left side of the sky. |
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Term
| Augurio laeti iaciunt fundamina cives, et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. |
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Definition
| Delighted by this, the citizens laid foundations, and the new wall was quickly raised. |
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Term
| Hoc Celer urget opus, quem Romulus ipse vocarat, "Sint" que, "Celer, curae" dixerat "ista tuae; |
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Definition
| Celer urges on this task, which Romulous himself had called, and he had said "Celer, let those things be you care |
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Term
| neve quis aut muros aut factam vomere fossam transeat; audentem talia dede neci." |
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Definition
| that no one shall cross either the wall or the trench that we have made by means of a plow-share; the man daring such things give to death. |
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Term
| Quod Remus ignorans humiles contemnere muros coepit, et "his populus" dicere "tutus erit?" |
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Definition
| Remus, ignoring this, began to mock the low walls, and to say "Will the people be safe behind these?" |
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Term
| Nec mora; transiluit. Rutro Celer occupat ausum. Ille premit duram sanguinolentus humum. |
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Definition
He leapt them, without delay. When he had dared this Celer struck the man with his shovel. He sank, bloodied, to the stony ground. |
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Term
| Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas devorat et clausum pectore vulnus habet. |
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Definition
| As soon as the king learned these things, he smothered the tears that had arisen inside and kept the grief locked in his heart. |
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Term
| Flere palam non vult exemplaque fortia servat; "Sic" que "meos muros transeat hostis" ait. |
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Definition
He was unwilling to weep in public, but set an example of fortitude, and he says "So dies the enemy who shall cross my walls." End 52 |
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Term
| Submotis pari spatio armatis, cum singuli interpretibus Hannibal et Scipio congressi sunt, non suae modo aetatis maximi duces, sed omnis ante se memoriae. |
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Definition
| The armed men were separated by an equal distance, since Hannibal and Scipio are meeting the singular interpreter, not only their age but the greatest general, but before all their recollections. |
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Term
| Paulisper alter alterius conspectu, admiratione mutua prope attoniti, conticuere. |
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Definition
| For a little while, each at the sight of the other, almost stunned by mutual admiration, became silent. |
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Term
| Tum Hannibal prior: "Quoniam hoc ita fato datum erat, ut qui primus bellum intuli populo Romano, quique totiens prope in manibus victoriam habui, is ultro ad pacem petendam venirem, laetor te mihi sorte potissimum datum, a quo peterem. |
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Definition
| Then Hannibal spoke first: Since this had been given thus by fate, I, that man who was the first to wage war with the Roman people, on so many occasions had practically had victories in my hands, I came towards to seek peace, of my own accord, I am glad that particulatly you have been given to me by fate, from whom to ask for it. |
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Term
| Quod ad me attinet, iam aetas, senem in patriam revertentem unde puer profectus sum, iam secundae, iam adversae res ita erudierunt, ut rationem sequi quam fortuman malim; tuam et adulescentiam et perpetuam felicitatem metuo. |
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Definition
| As far as concerns me, first old age, then favorable circumstances, then adverse circumstances, have taught me an old man rturning to the country from whence I departed as a boy, in such a way that I prefer to follow reason rather than fortune. |
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Term
| Non temere incerta casuum reputat, quem fortuna numquam decepit. |
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Definition
| The man whom fortune has never deceived, does not readily reckon the uncertaintyof chance. |
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Term
| Quod ego fui ad Trasumennum, ad Cannas, id tu hodie es. |
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Definition
| That which I was at Trasumania, near Cannae, that you are today. |
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Term
| Potest victoriam malle quam pacem animus. |
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Definition
| The soul is able to wish for victory more than for peace. |
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Term
| Novi spiritus magnos magis quam utiles; et mihi talis aliquando fortuna adfulsit. |
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Definition
| I have learned instances of courage which have been splendid rather than useful; once upon a time, such luck shone upon me also. |
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Term
| Quod si in secundis rebus bonam quoque mentem darent di, non ea solum quae evenissent, sed etiam ea quae evenire possent, reputaremus. |
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Definition
| In favorable circumstances, the gods also gave a good mind, we would take into consideration, not only those things which have happened, but also those things which could happen. |
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Term
| Melior tutiorque est certa pax quam sperata victoria; haec in tua, illa in deorum manu est. |
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Definition
| Better and safer is a certain peace than a hope for victory; the one lies in your hand, the other in the hand of your gods. |
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