Term
| What are the three things Erwin suggests friends do for a person? |
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Definition
-Help with developing interactional skills - conversation, turn-taking
-Provide opportunities for intimacy - showing concern, comforting
-Enable them to test our knowledge about the world |
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Term
| What is the general pattern for the relationship between age and friendships? |
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Definition
| The number of friends increases up to adolescence, where the depth of the friendship becomes more important than the number of friends |
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Term
| What evidence from Howes and Reismann and Shorr demonstrates the general pattern for the relationship between age and friendships? |
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Definition
Howes - More than half of 3 and 4 yearolds have at least one friend with the friendship lasting at least 6 months
Reismann and Shoor - at 7 children identify 4 friends and at 14 this has increased to 7 |
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Term
| What are Selman's 5 stages of social understanding? |
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Definition
Age 3-6 - Friend is partner in psysical interaction
Age 5-9 - Friend is a one-way assistant to child's needs
Age 7-12 - Reciprocal relationship with some idea of other person's needs
Age 10-15 - Intimate relationship, close, jealousy and possessiveness
Age 12 years and over - Friendship without extreme intensity, autonomous interdependence. |
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Term
| What is the method of the Selman and Jaquette study into age related stages of friendships? |
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Definition
| 225 people aged between 4 and 32 were interviewed about friendships |
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Term
| What is the result of the Selman and Jaquette study into age related stages of friendships? |
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Definition
Five overlapping stages in the development of friendship were identified:
Age 3-6 - playing together
Age 5-9 - Giving help but no reciprocity
Age 7-12 - focus on reciprocity
Age 10-15 - intimacy and sharing
Age 12 years and over - interdependence but also autonomy |
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Term
| What is one strength and one limitation of the Selman and Jaquette study into age related stages of friendships? |
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Definition
-Provides information about the way friendship develops
-relies on interviews rather than observations of behaviour |
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Term
| What is the method of the Bigelow and La Gaipa study into age related stages of friendships? |
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Definition
| 960 children from Canada and Scotland aged between 6-14 wrote an essay about 'best friends'. The stories were rated on a number of dimensions by the investigatiors. |
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Term
| What is the result of the Bigelow and La Gaipa study into age related stages of friendships? |
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Definition
Three stages in the development of friendship were identified
7-8 - Reward-Cost - common activities, similar expectations, lives nearby
9-10 - Normative - Shared values and rules
11-12 - Empathetic - Understanding, sharing of information about self, shared interest |
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Term
| What is the method of the Beneson study into the sex differences in relationships? |
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Definition
| Analysis of social networks of friendships using sociograms based on interviews with children. |
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Term
| What is the method of the Lever study into the sex differences in relationships? |
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Definition
| 10 year olds interviewed about friendship attitudes |
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Term
| According to the studies by Beneson and by Lever, what are the sex differences in friendship? |
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Definition
Beneson - Boys have more extensive networks and are interested in group status while girls have smaller, intimate cliques and focus on two person relationships
Lever - Girls like single best friends, openly show affection, worry about the friendship ending, stare personal info, while boys share group rules, and are less likely to let someone else into the group |
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Term
| What the two strengths of using observations to study friendships? |
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Definition
-Can gather a lot of information
-natural behaviour so high ecological validity |
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Term
| What the two weaknesses of using observations to study friendships? |
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Definition
-observer bias
-demand characteristics if overt - observer effect |
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