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Definition
| consists of all the organs that share the common function of getting nutrients into the body |
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Term
| gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
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Definition
| a series of hollow organs that form a tube |
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| the area through which food and liquids travel |
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| the innermost tissue layer. all nutrients must cross this to enter the blood |
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| Next to the muscosa is a layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Components of food that are absorbed across the muscosa enter the blood and lymph vessels |
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Definition
| the third layer of GI tract tissue called the muscularis is responsible for mobility or movement. It consists of of 2 or 3 sublayers of smooth muscle. In general the fibers of inner sublayers are oriented in the circular fashion around the lumen, whereas those in the outer substance are arranged lengthwise, parallel to the long axis of the digestive sublayer of muscle inside the other 2. |
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Definition
| the outermost layer if the GI tract wall, or serosa, is a thin connective tissue sheath that surrounds and protects the other three layers and attaches the digestive system to the walls of the body cavities |
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| the digestive system accomplishes this task with 5 basic processes |
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Definition
| Mechanical processing and movement, secretion,digestions, absorption, elimination |
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| propels food forward, begins with a lump of food stretches a portion of GI tract, causing smooth muscle behind it to comfort the bolus t relax and the muscle behind it to contract |
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Definition
| mixes food. short sections of smooth muscle contract and relax in seemingly random fashion |
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| used for swallowing, which involves a sequence of events that is coordinated with a temporary halt in breathing |
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Definition
| a muscular tube consisting of both skeleton and smooth muscle that connects the pharynx to the stomach |
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Definition
| a muscular expandable sac that performs three important functions-food storage, digestion, regulation of delivery |
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Definition
| protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the gastric glands of the stomach |
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Definition
| the watery mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to this small intestine |
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Definition
| an open sore that forms in the inner lining of the stomach, the esophagus, or the upper part of the small intestine |
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Definition
| first part of the small intestine, 10 inches long |
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Definition
| mucosa contains large folds covered with microscopic projections called... |
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Definition
| an elongated organ that lies just behind the stomach has both endocrine functions |
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| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) |
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Definition
| unlike pepsin which is effective in acid conditions pancreatic enzymes work best at a more neutral ph. functions to neutralize stomach acid |
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Definition
| pancreatic enzymes include proteases which continue the digestion of carbohydrates only accomplished by salivary anylase and lipase a lipid digesting disorder |
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Definition
| a watery mixture containing electrolytes, cholesterol, a phospholipid called lecithin, and pigments derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin |
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Definition
| carries blood from one capillary bed to another |
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Definition
| stores soluable vitamins and iron, stores glucose as glycogen after a meal and converts glycogen to glucose between meals |
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Definition
| concetrats bile by removing most of the water and stores it until after a meal when it is secreted into the small intestine via the bile duct, which joins the pancreatic duct. |
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Definition
| absorbs most of the remaining nutrients and water and stores the now soild waste material until it can be eliminated |
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Definition
| most of the large intestine consists of four regions collectively |
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Definition
| a small fingerlike pouch that extends to the from the cecum, has no known digestive functions |
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Definition
| triggers the release of more gastric juice |
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Definition
| which stimulates the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate to neutralize acid |
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Definition
| fats and proteins stimulate release of this. which signals the pancreas to secrete more digestive enzymes |
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Definition
| one of the body's main sources of energy |
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Definition
| vital components of every cell, make up enzymes that direct metabolism. they serve as receptors and transport molecules and build muscle fibers |
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Definition
| the eight amino acids that the body cannot produce |
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Definition
| contains all 20 of the amino acids in proportions that meet our nutritional needs. |
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Definition
| a group of at least 13 chemicals that are essential for normal functioning |
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Definition
| the atoms of certain chemical elements that are also essential for body processes |
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Definition
| indigestible mineral, beneficial because it makes feces bulky and helps them pass more efficiently through the colon |
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| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| the energy your body needs to perform essential activities such as breathing and maintaining organ functions |
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Definition
| process that removes waste and excess material from the body |
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Definition
| consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and urethra |
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Definition
| a muscular tube that transports urine to the bladder |
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Definition
| where urine collects after it is formed |
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Definition
| the inner zone of an organ. In the kidney an inner pyramid shaped zome of dense tissue that contains loops of henle. |
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Definition
| the outer zone of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a thin hollow tube of epithelial cells, called a tuble, plus the blood vessels that supply the tuble |
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Definition
| a singular muscular tube that extends from the bladder to the body's external opening |
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Definition
| surrounds and encloses a network of capillaries the glomerulus, which is part of the blood supply of the nephron |
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Definition
| every nephron is supported by a single arteriole |
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Term
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Definition
| extends to the medulla as the descending limb and then loops back up to the vicinity of the glomerular capsule as the ascending limb |
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Definition
| extends from where the cortex to the renal pelvis where the urine is finally deposited |
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Definition
| which carries filtered blood from the glomerulus |
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Definition
| when the efferent arteriole divides again into another capillary network that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the cortex |
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Definition
| the efferent arterioles of a few nephrims descend inro the medulla and divide into long thin capillaries called... |
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Term
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Definition
| glomerular filtration, tubular reabdorption, tubular secretion |
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Definition
| the process of filtering a large quantity of of protein-free plasma fluid from from the glomerular capillaries space |
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Definition
| covers ans surrounds the outsides surface of the capillaries, and the capillary cells |
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Definition
| the second step in the urine formulation, returns filtered water and solutes from the tubule into the blood of the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta |
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Definition
| water reabsorption occurs through special water channels in membrane proteins |
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Definition
| the movement of solutes from the blood into the renal tubules |
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Definition
| the process of of reabsorbing water |
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Definition
| maintain water balance-ehich adjusts blood volume and blood pressure, regulate salt balance-which also controls blood volume, maintain acid-base balance and blood ph, control the production of red blood cells, activate an inactive form of vitamin D |
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Definition
| a hormone from the adernal gland, increases the reabsorbation of Na+ across the distle tubule and collecting duct |
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Definition
| technically an enzyme that functions like a hormone |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| The region where the afferent and efferent arterioles are in close contact with the distal tubule |
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Definition
| consists of of the tissues and organs that participate in creating a new human being |
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Definition
| male reproductive system evolved to deliver the male reproductive cells |
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Definition
| sites of sperm production the male |
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Definition
| an outpouching of skin and smooth muscle |
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| where the sperm is produces |
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Definition
| a single coiled duct just outside the testis |
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Definition
| male organ of sexual intercourse |
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Definition
| an increase in lenght, diameter, and stiffness of the penis that facilitates its entry into the vagina |
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Definition
| the male delivers sperm in a thick whitish mixture of fluid.zygote |
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Definition
| the iploid cell formed by the union of the ovum and a sperm. it is the product of of fertilization |
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Definition
| begins when the sperm's nucleus enters the egg |
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Definition
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| a series of cell divisions without cell growth or differentiation during the first four days following fertilization |
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Definition
| development the organism undergoes dramatic changes in shape and form |
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Definition
| starting about the same time that the developing organism becomes embedded in the endonmetriel lining of the uterus and begins to receive nutrients, the organism begins to grow in size |
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Definition
| an organism after the first 2 weeks of fertilization |
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Definition
| a hollow ball compromising an outer sphere of cells called a trophoblast, a hollow central cavity, and a group of cells called the inner cell mass |
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Definition
| the process in which the blastocyst becomes buried within the endometrium |
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Definition
| ectoderm-outermost layer, mesoderm-middle layer, endoderm-innermost layer |
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Definition
| the beginning of week 3 till the end of the developing human |
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