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| Laws of physics and chemistry stay constant |
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| Use familiar geological processes to explain past events |
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| Geological change occurs in small increments, which accumulate over time to produce large changes |
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measured amount of iridiom in clay (comes from meteorites)
-Iridiom in clay/Iridion per year=time it takes to settle |
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| Bulldog of Darwin, proponent of Active Doubt and Lamarkism |
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hypothetico-deductivism
-construct hypothetical theory to explain phenomenon |
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Definition
| somatic portion is transmitted to next generation |
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Definition
| Make a testable prediction |
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| simplest hypothesis is the best WORKING hypothesis |
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| best rational explanation doesn't equal positive proof |
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| questions asked,concepts formed and measurements chosen |
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| measurements taken represent the dynamic of the system being studied |
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| The biological world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is steadily and perhaps directionally changing (perpetual change with CONTINUITY from past to present life) |
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| Populations vary and evolve |
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Definition
| population is the smallest unit of biological complexity that evolves |
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Definition
| All our plant and animals have descended from some one form into which life was first breathed |
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| separate lineages accumulate differences from each other and from the common ancestor |
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| structure of evolutionary history as a branching tree of lineage |
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| "ontology recapitulates phylogeny" |
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| new features are added to the end of ontogeny |
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Definition
older features are displaced to earlier and shorter developmental occurrences
ex)spinal disks are remnants of notochord |
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Definition
| evolution of new characters restricted to pre-adult stages |
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| evolutionary change in developmental |
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| evolutionary change in the physical location of a developmental process |
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| characteristic, semi-autonomous patterns of gene expression and cellular proliferation and differentiation |
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Owen
the same ogan in different organisms under every variety of form and function |
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Definition
| forms derived from an equivalent characteristic of a common evolutionary ancestor |
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Definition
| homologous DNA (diagnosed by high sequence similarity, one copy per haploid genome) |
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Term
| Historical Structure of Homology |
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Definition
| sharing of homologies among species forms a nested hierarchy of groups within groups |
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| monophyletic group (=clade) |
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| A group of two or more species/lineages that includes the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all members of the group and all of its descendants |
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| diagnosed by the sharing of homologies (synapomorphy-shared derived character) |
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| branches denote the nested hierarchy of clades as diagnosed by synapamorphies |
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| branches denote historical evolutionary lineages |
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Definition
| Find the tree toplogy that requires the smallest number of evolutionary changes |
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| Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches |
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Definition
| advantage is that you can use complex models of base substitution to find the tree most likely to have produced the data |
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Definition
| character similarity that does not represent common ancestry (homoplastic) |
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Definition
| lineages diverge from their common ancestor but not from each other |
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Definition
| evolutionary return to an ancestral character formally changed or lost |
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| origin of superficially similar features by dissimilar evolutionary processes |
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Definition
| each branch has posterior probability, p>0.95 indicates strong support |
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Term
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Definition
statistical analysis of branch support
1)sample sites in the alignment with replacement to produce a new data set equal in size to the original one
2)Construct a phylogenetic tree from the new data set using the same method as the original analysis
3)repeat steps 1 and 2 1000+ times
4)For each clade/branch, what % of the 1000+ trees contain the clade/branch |
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| Endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic origins |
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Definition
Lynn Margolis
eukaryotic organelles descend from prokaryotic organisms taken inside an ancestral host cell |
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| Multiplication of species |
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Definition
| geographic splitting of a population, followed by evolutionary divergence of the separated parts |
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Definition
| geographic isolation of the populations precedes evolution of the species level differences |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
Mayr
a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature |
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| a set of resources actually or potentially used by a population |
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