Term
| Appearance Amber/straw/clear |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bile, hemoglobin, blood, food dyes |
|
|
Term
| Appearance Cloudy (turbid) |
|
Definition
| Triple phosphate, sodium urate, calcium oxalate, WBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Porphyrins, melanin pigmentation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein, excess bile acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood, beets, rhubarb, black berries or certain drugs |
|
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Term
| Decrease: Intrinsic renal disease Diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase: Diabetes mellitus Congestive heart failure Nephrotic syndrome |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Acid urine: Ketoacidosis as seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease High protein diet Medications |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Alkaline urine: Urinary tract infection (UTI)
o caused by urea splitting bacteria like Proteus mirabilis Renal tubular acidosis Vomiting High vegetable diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive: Diabetes mellitus Cushing’s syndrome Steroids [glucocorticoids and not anabolic steroids] Thiazide diuretics Renal tubular disease [Fanconi syndrome] Hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
| Glucose (should be negative) |
|
|
Term
| Positive: Glomerulonephritis Nephrotic syndrome Multiple myeloma Diabetes mellitus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Amyloidosis |
|
Definition
| Proteins (should be negative) |
|
|
Term
| Positive: Diabetic ketoacidosis Vomiting Pregnancy Hyperthyroidism Starvation Carbohydrate-free diets |
|
Definition
| Ketones (Should be negative) |
|
|
Term
| Positive: Trauma Infection Tumors Stones |
|
Definition
| Blood (should be negative) |
|
|
Term
| Positive: UTI [90% specificity and 30% sensitivity] |
|
Definition
| Nitrites (should be negative) |
|
|
Term
| Positive: UTI [[75-95% sensitivity] |
|
Definition
| Leukocyte Esterase (should be negative) |
|
|
Term
| Increase: Cirrhosis Right-sided heart failure Hepatitis Antibiotic therapy |
|
Definition
Urobilinogen (0.1-1.0 mg/dl)
When conjugated bilirubin enters |
|
|
Term
| Absent: Obstructive jaundice as seen in a stone in the common bile duct |
|
Definition
| Urobilinogen (0.1-1.0 mg/dl) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advanced renal failure, diabetic nephropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glomerulonephritis, renal trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nephrotic syndrome, acute tubular injury |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Casts-Fatty [oval bodies] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urinary Crystals-Diamond or barrel-shaped [uric acid] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urinary Crystals-Coffin-lid shaped [triple phosphate] |
|
Definition
| Proteus mirabilis infection |
|
|
Term
| Urinary Crystals-Enveloped shaped [calcium oxalate] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urinary Crystals-Hexagonal shaped [cystine] |
|
Definition
|
|
