Term
Ragland’s [drop in blood pressure on standing] test might be positive
Investigations Comprehensive Metabolic Panel-Serum Sodium may be low, Potassium and BUN may be elevated; Na: K ratio less than 30:1; a low plasma cortisol level which fails to rise after administration of ACTH is diagnostic |
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Definition
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Term
| None [several tests are under investigation including mitochondrial dysfunction] |
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Definition
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Term
CMP will show Hypokalemia, hypernatremia and alkalosis
Further studies will show elevated serum aldosterone and low renin levels |
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Definition
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Term
Elevated serum and urinary cortisol levels will be present
The blood sugar may be elevated; serum potassium may be low and the sodium may be high; X-ray of the spine may show osteoporosis
MRI of the abdomen may show a mass in the adrenal gland |
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Definition
| CUSHING’S DISEASE/SYNDROME |
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Term
Complete Blood Count should be done to exclude anemia or leukemia
Thyroid Function Tests should be done to rule out hypothyroidism |
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Definition
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The “Wince sign” will be positive each time they are touched during the exam
Investigations No test is specific for diagnosing this condition currently |
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Definition
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HIV: +ELISA screening test followed by a +Western Blot for confirmation before informing the patient
AIDS diagnosis = Western Blot and CD4 count <200 cells/mL |
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Definition
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Term
Tests will confirm hypocalcemia and low parathormone levels
There may be high levels of phosphorus |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid Function Tests-elevated T3, elevated TSH [secondary hyperthyroidism]; decreased TSH [primary hyperthyroidism]; anti-TSH receptor antibodies present |
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Definition
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Term
Delayed return of deep tendon reflexes [Woltman’s sign]
Investigations Thyroid Function Tests-decreased T3/T4 and elevated TSH [primary hypothyroidism]; TSH will be decreased if the hypothyroidism is secondary to a non-functioning pituitary gland, positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
Complete Blood Count will show low hemoglobin and/or a decrease in the red blood cell count and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia
A positive FOB test may indicate colonic malignancy or bleeding peptic ulcer |
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Definition
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Term
Orthoneuro tests Bone tenderness on percussion
Investigations Complete Blood Count will show a greatly elevated White Blood Cell count, [>25,000] anemia and thrombocytopenia; bone marrow biopsy is diagnostic |
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Definition
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Term
| Lyme-ELISA test for B. Burgdorferi antibodies is positive |
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Definition
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Term
Chest x-ray may show a thymoma [15%] or thymic hyperplasia [65%]
Tensilon test is positive [rapid transient recovery with injection of edrophonium] |
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Definition
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Term
X-rays show lytic and blastic changes in the pelvis, the hip joint and the skull: cotton wool appearance in the skull brim sign [pelvic brim is sclerosed] shepherd’s crook deformity in the femur flame sign in the femoral shaft pathological fractures may also be present
Comprehensive metabolic profile might show increased alkaline phosphatase with a normal or raised serum calcium [only with immobilization] |
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Definition
| PAGET’S DISEASE OF BONE [Osteitis deformans] |
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Term
Complete Blood Count will show a low red blood cell count and decreased hemoglobin along with sickle red blood cells, target cells and Howell-Jolly bodies
The diagnosis is confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis showing the presence of Hemoglobin S
Skull x-ray will show hair-on-end appearance due to the widening of the diplöe as a result of marrow hyperplasia |
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Definition
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Term
Orthoneuro tests Romberg’s sign [unable to maintain balance with the feet together and the eyes closed] may be positive if there is spinal cord degeneration due to loss of vibration and proprioception
Investigations Complete Blood Count will show a low red blood cell count and decreased hemoglobin levels; along with macrocytic, normochromic red blood cells
Serum Vitamin B12 levels < than 100 pg/dL; Schilling’s test is positive
There will also be raised methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels |
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Definition
| VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA |
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Term
biopsy is diagnostic: Reed-Sternberg cells will be present; starry sky appearance in Burkitt’s lymphoma
X-ray of patients with primary bone lymphoma present with osseous lesions [often osteoblastic in nature], ivory vertebra or with punched-out lesions |
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Definition
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Term
Tenderness on spinal or bony percussion will be positive if there are fractures
Investigations X-rays may show lytic or blastic lesions in the affected bone in 60% of patients with proven metastatic disease-look for missing pedicles
At least 40% of the bone must be destroyed before changes will be seen on the x-rays; Elevated alkaline phosphatase in the presence of normal AST [SGOT] and ALT [SGPT] is seen
Bone scans with Technetium 99 will show hot spots in osteoblastic tumors |
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Definition
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Term
Tenderness on percussion of spinous process might be positive
Investigations Comprehensive Metabolic Profile will reveal hypercalcemia, elevated serum proteins, reversed Albumin/Globulin ratio [1:2 instead of 2:1]
Bence Jones proteins [IgG] may be found in the urine
Serum electrophoresis will show a typical M [myeloma] spike due to high IgG
X-rays in 70% of patients might show multiple lytic bone lesions [punched out or rain-drop lesions] mainly in the skull, long bones and vertebrae
Osteoporosis and blastic lesions may also be present
Bone marrow biopsy will confirm the diagnosis: malignant plasma cells |
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Definition
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Term
Complete Blood Count may show a leucopenia [decreased WBC count]
ESR will be elevated and sometimes there may be hypercalcemia
Chest x-ray might show bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy [Pawnbroker’s sign] or a diffuse reticular infiltrate in the lungs
40-80% of patients will have elevated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme levels but this is not sensitive or specific enough to be diagnostic |
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Definition
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Term
Complete Blood Count will show a low red blood cell count and decreased hemoglobin along with sickle red blood cells, target cells and Howell-Jolly bodies
The diagnosis is confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis showing the presence of Hemoglobin S
Skull x-ray will show hair-on-end appearance due to the widening of the diplöe as a result of marrow hyperplasia |
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Definition
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