Term
| Excess growth hormone secretion after the epiphyses are closed [18 years+]; often associated with a secreting adenoma of the anterior pituitary lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| Large spatulate [spade-like] hands, lantern-shaped jaw, overhanging brows, increased hat size; later effects of the pituitary tumor-headaches and bitemporal hemianopia [loss of temporal vision on both sides] |
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Definition
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Term
| Caused by destruction of the adrenal cortex resulting in deficiency of cortisol, aldosterone and androgens; may be secondary to pituitary gland destruction |
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Definition
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Term
Fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pains, muscle and joint pains with amenorrhea, sparse axillary hair and increased skin pigmentation [bronze skin] especially in the skin creases and nipples
Excessive pigmentation is absent in pituitary gland destruction |
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Definition
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Term
| Caused by uterine surgery or vigorous curettage after an abortion or by intrauterine tuberculosis or schistosomiasis [infection with schistosoma] |
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Definition
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Term
| Common symptoms include: Amenorrhea Oligomenorrhea Recurrent miscarriages Infertility |
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Definition
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Term
| Active or passive smoking [80-90%], exposure to certain industrial and environmental agents such as radon, radiation, arsenic and asbestos |
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Definition
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Term
Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain
May be associated with Horner’s syndrome if the apex is involved [Pancoast]: Miosis, Anhydrosis and Ptosis
May be associated hoarseness [if left recurrent laryngeal nerve is involved]
Some tumors [small cell type] may produce ectopic hormones or antibodies: Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion with diabetes insipidus Lambert-Eaton syndrome [may look like Myasthenia gravis] is due to antibodies to Ca++ transporters at the neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
Hypersensitivity to food containing gliadin, which is found in gluten in wheat, rye and barley; more common in whites of northern European ancestry
There is a higher incidence of celiac disease in type 1 Diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
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Term
Weight loss, fatigue, diarrhea and steatorrhea in adults;
Failure to thrive, vomiting and diarrhea in infants
It may also present with symptoms of calcium and vitamin deficiencies such as cramps, angular stomatitis and atopic dermatitis
Rarely some patients will develop a chronic erythematous, papular, vesicular, bullous skin rash-dermatitis herpetiformis |
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Definition
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Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted by the biting reduviid bug affecting the esophagus, nervous system and the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| Early signs: fever, lymphadenopathy and facial edema especially around the eye [Romaña's sign]; late signs: dysphagia and signs of heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
criteria need 4 of the following to be present concurrently for more than 6 months in the absence of an identifiable cause: Sore throat Tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes Unrefreshing sleep Muscle pain Post-exertional malaise or fatigue Impaired memory or concentration New headaches Multiple joint pains
Investigations None [several tests are under |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcoholism, chronic viral B and C hepatitis and drugs are the common causes |
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Definition
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Term
Fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, ascites, enlarged non-tender liver, gynecomastia, caput medusae, esophageal varices and testicular atrophy
If severe, there may be changes in the level of consciousness, coarse flapping tremors in the hands and fetor hepaticus [musty breath odor] |
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Definition
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Term
| Unknown; 5-8% of all congenital heart disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatigue, tachycardia, systolic heart murmur heard best in the left infrascapular region with hypertension in an infant |
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Definition
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Term
| CAD, hypertension, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
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Term
| Dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, fatigue, weight gain, bilateral pitting ankle edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, hepatojugular reflex [distension of the internal jugular vein with pressure over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen], bilateral basal crackles and wheezes in the lungs, tachycardia and/or 4th heart sound |
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Definition
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Term
| 65% is due to a secreting adrenal cortex tumor; 30% with adrenal hyperplasia |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistant hypertension, headaches, muscle weakness, polyuria and polydypsia |
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Definition
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Term
Disease: adenoma of the pituitary gland causing excess ACTH secretion
Syndrome is related to excessive exogenous steroids in general |
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Definition
| CUSHING’S DISEASE/SYNDROME |
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Term
The patient may complain of tiredness and fatigue
Truncal obesity, buffalo hump, hirsutism, purple striae in the abdomen and hypertension, proximal myopathy and poor wound healing are common |
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Definition
| CUSHING’S DISEASE/SYNDROME |
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Term
| Failure to thrive in children, chronic cough, finger clubbing, steatorrhea [foul smelling floating feces], salty taste of the sweat and recurrent chest infections |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown genetic aberration of Chromosome 7 affecting chloride transport
Most common fatal hereditary disorder of Caucasians in the US
Median survival is 30 years; affects lungs, pancreas and sweat glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Possible genetic predisposition with environment and psychological stress |
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Definition
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Term
| DSM IV TR criteria-Sadness PLUS 4 of the following for at least 2 weeks: Sleep disturbance-insomnia or hypersomnia Interest loss Guilt or feelings of worthlessness Energy lack especially in the mornings-fatigue Concentration poor Appetite change-loss or excess Psychomotor retardation or agitation Suicidal thoughts |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown; peak incidence in children
Autoimmune disease against connective tissue in the skin and muscle |
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Definition
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Term
There are purplish papules [Gottron’s papules] over the knuckles and a heliotrope discoloration around the eyes with periorbital edema
In addition there will be muscle weakness affecting bilateral and symmetric proximal muscle groups initially |
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Definition
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Term
| May be due to damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary stalk, pituitary tumors, basal skull fractures, drugs [lithium] or pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
| Polyuria, intense thirst, polydypsia [with a predilection for cold or iced drinks] and fatigue; may complain of headaches, seizures and visual field defects-bitemporal hemianopia if there is a large pituitary tumor |
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Definition
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Term
Type II-obesity; adult-onset and Type I-genetic predisposition [HLA-DR3 or 4] juvenile onset; may be precipitated by stress [infection, trauma, pregnancy]
May also occur in pregnancy [gestational] or there may be Mature Onset of Diabetes in the Young [MODY]-non-insulin dependent under the age of 25 years |
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Definition
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Term
Polyuria, Polydypsia and Polyphagia with fatigue and unintentional weight loss in Type I or weight gain in Type II
Later the patient may complain of Pruritus or Paresthesia |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown
Affects mainly women aged 20-50 years |
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Definition
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Term
ACR Diagnostic criteria: >3 months of widespread pain plus:
11 out of 18 possible tender points around the neck, shoulder, anterior chest, elbow, lower back, hip and knees
Often there is fatigue and insomnia |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown
More common in males in the 50’s and females after menopause; excessive iron accumulated in skin, pancreas, liver, heart, testes and adrenal glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronze diabetes: increase skin pigmentation, polyuria and polydypsia; enlarged liver, ascites, peripheral edema, fatigue, joint pains and decreased libido |
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Definition
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Term
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus; sexually transmitted, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage and transplacental transmission |
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Definition
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Term
WHO Group 1-Flu-like symptoms with fever and headache
WHO Group 2-asymptomatic [latent phase]
WHO Group 3-Persistent lymphadenopathy
WHO Group 4-Opportunistic infection with: Tuberculosis Pneumocystosis Kaposi’s sarcoma [HHV Type 8 infection] Cryptosporidium parvum which causes chonic diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flu-like symptoms with fever and headache |
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Term
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Definition
| asymptomatic [latent phase] |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent lymphadenopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| Opportunistic infection with: Tuberculosis Pneumocystosis Kaposi’s sarcoma [HHV Type 8 infection] Cryptosporidium parvum which causes chonic diarrhea |
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Term
| Incidental removal of the parathyroid glands during a total thyroidectomy |
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Definition
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Term
Most patients are asymptomatic
Others may present paresthesia in the fingers, toes and lips, muscle aches or cramps, dysmenorrhea, brittle nails, anxiety, headaches and memory impairment |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary: autoimmune disorder, functional thyroid tumorsSecondary: functional pituitary tumors or rarely ovarian dermoid tumors or teratomas which may contain functioning thyroid tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatigue, weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, goiter, irritability, loose stools, tachycardia, moist warm skin, fine tremors of the hand and exophthalmos; some elderly patients may present with symptoms related to CHF and some younger patients may present with hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
Fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, depression, menorrhagia, hoarseness, dry skin, bradycardia, brittle hair and loss of the outer third of the eyebrows; goiter and puffy eyelids are often present
Some patients may present with infertility |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary: autoimmune disease [Hashimoto’s], congenital lack of thyroid gland, iodine deficiency; secondary: non-functional pituitary tumors and drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| Two varieties: acute and sub acute; most common is Staph. aureus in acute bacterial endocarditis; Strep viridians in subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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Definition
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Term
| Fever, fatigue, splenomegaly, splinter hemorrhages and Osler nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| Diet lacking in iron, malabsorption of iron through the gut or increased loss from gastrointestinal bleeding or heavy menstrual periods |
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Definition
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Term
Fatigue with pale mucous membranes
In severe cases there may be dysphagia [due to a posterior cricoid web in the esophagus] and koilonychia [dysphagia and koilonychia in a post-menopausal female=Plummer-Vinson syndrome], dyspnea and heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies against calcium-gated channels at the neuromuscular junction result in the lack of acetylcholine vesicle formation in the nerve button at the neuromuscular junction; seen in some older male patients with small cell lung cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle fatigue especially of the proximal extremities; the fatigue gets better transiently with repetitive testing |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown; may have a genetic [Philadelphia chromosome in CML mainly and ALL occasionally] or may be related to radiation
ALL [children], AML [adults with Auer’s rods] and CLL [elderly-60+] |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatigue, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly with shortness of breath, backache fever and bleeding tendencies: epistaxis, bleeding gums and ecchymoses |
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Definition
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Term
Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, most common vector borne disease in the USA
Transmitted by a bite from an infected deer tick [Ixodes scapularis]
Endemic areas in the USA are Northeast and upper Midwest USA |
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Definition
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Term
Stage I: flu-like symptoms and erythema migrans [a slightly raised red lesion that expands with central clearing-bull’s eye lesion] 1 week after the bite
Stage II: neurological-Bell’s palsy, meningitis or peripheral neuropathy
Stage III: musculoskeletal-myalgia, chronic arthritis and fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| Unknown; may be related to Human Herpes Virus type 4 [EBV] infection |
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Definition
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Term
Fatigue, painless lymphadenopathy, anemia, weight loss and cyclical [Pel-Epstein] fever, night sweats, dyspnea and pruritus
Hepatosplenomegaly and recurrent infection may follow |
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Definition
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Term
Common sites include breast, lung, thyroid, kidney and prostate cancers
Most common primary site is the prostate in males and the breast in females
Note that secondary bone tumors are more common than primary tumors |
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Definition
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Term
| Nocturnal bone pain with or without unintentional weight loss and fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| Unknown; some are associated with Marfan’s syndrome [though the most common heart defect in Marfan’s is aortic incompetence] and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; seen more often in young women |
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Definition
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Term
| Atypical chest pain [unrelated, exertion, stress respiration or movement], palpitations and fatigue; mid-systolic click murmur heard best at the apex |
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Definition
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Term
| Human Herpes Virus type 4 [Epstein Barr Virus]-ds DNA enveloped virus |
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Definition
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Term
Fever, headache, sore throat with cervical lymphadenopathy followed by splenomegaly [50%] and hepatomegaly [25%] and a maculopapular rash [10%]
There may be petechiae on the soft palate [Forchheimer’s sign] [20%] |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown
Peak incidence between 50-70 years
Most common primary bone tumor
Twice as common in blacks |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatigue, nocturnal backache, recurrent infections, constipation, blurred vision, constipation, nerve root compression and mental changes |
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Definition
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Term
Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular joint
Associated with thymic pathology in 80% of the female middle-aged patients |
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Definition
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Term
Classic features include the following: bilateral ptosis [drooping eyelids] diplopia [double vision] difficulty in chewing facial weakness with speaking towards the evenings fluctuating tiredness
Symptoms improve with rest and worsen with repetitive activity
This condition should not be confused with Lambert-Eaton Syndrome which is a presynaptic autoantibody disorder resulting in: impaired release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic vesicles seen more commonly in older males with small cell carcinomas in the lung the muscle fatigue gets better with repetitive movement |
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Definition
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Term
| Mainly unknown; may be associated with diabetes, SLE, drugs and certain infections such as malaria; foot process or basement membrane pathology |
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Definition
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Term
| Classic features include the following: peripheral edema [ankle swelling] ascitespleural effusions recurrent infections blood pressure is normal Muehrcke’s lines [curved transverse lines over the nail beds] |
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Definition
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Term
| Unknown; peak incidence in the 60’s |
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Definition
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Term
| Often asymptomatic until the disease is advanced; the patient may complain of abdominal bloating and gradual enlargement of the abdomen; physical examination may reveal a solid, fixed pelvis mass and possible ascites |
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Definition
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Term
| Possibly caused by a Paramyxo virus; there may be a genetic link |
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Definition
| PAGET’S DISEASE OF BONE [Osteitis deformans] |
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Term
Bone pain due to pathological fractures in the pelvis, enlargement of the skull, [hat size gets bigger], thoracokyphosis, bowing of the long bones
May cause nerve compression which may result in the following: blindness deafness radicular pain
The patient might present with fatigue and heart failure |
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Definition
| PAGET’S DISEASE OF BONE [Osteitis deformans] |
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Term
| Unknown; smoking increases the risk threefold |
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Definition
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Term
| Unexplained weight loss, upper back pain, deepening jaundice and clay colored stool [as most are found in the head of the pancreas] |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown; may be linked with temporal arteritis
More common in women after the age of 60 years |
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Definition
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Term
Pronounced morning stiffness of the neck, shoulder and upper back muscles
Although the muscles are sore, there are no trigger points
The pain and stiffness improves with activity |
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Definition
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Term
| Unknown; more common in older men; incidence increases with age |
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Definition
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Term
| May be asymptomatic until the cancer spreads to the vertebrae; the patient will then complain of lower backache especially at nights; there may also be: weight loss fatigue non-tender irregular prostate with areas of induration [hardness] |
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Definition
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Term
Unknown
Higher incidence in North American blacks and northern European whites; females are more commonly affected; affects the lungs mainly, but also the eyes, skin, peripheral nerves, heart and other tissues |
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Definition
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Term
Often asymptomatic
Fatigue, fever, night sweats, non-productive cough and shortness of breath of insidious onset may occur
There may be lymphadenopathy, iritis, hepatosplenomegaly, arthritis, erythema nodosum and peripheral neuropathy |
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Definition
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Term
Autoimmune disorder
F: M-3:1 ratio; peak incidence: 50-60 years with death usually from renal failure |
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Definition
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Term
Limited disease in 80%:
thickened skin lesions
skin is shiny and taut
Diffuse systemic sclerosis in 20%:
CREST [Calcinosis cutis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Esophageal hypomotility, Sclerodactyly and Telangiectasia] syndrome
Raynaud’s phenomenon is present in both types [initial complaint in 70% of patients]:
exposure to cold causes the fingers to go: white [due to vasoconstriction], then blue [cyanosis], then red [due to vasodilation]
Joint pains and crepitus due to synovitis
Shortness of breath due to lung involvement
Dysphagia due to esophageal involvement
Hypertension from renal involvement
Erectile dysfunction and hypothyroidism may also occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Sudden infarction of the anterior pituitary lobe secondary to severe post-partum hemorrhage or shock |
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Definition
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|
Term
failure to lactate
failure to menstruate after delivery
followed by loss of axillary and pubic hair
fatigue
hypotension may be present |
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Definition
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Term
| Tiredness with recurrent episodes of joint and bone pain; also with: jaundice splenomegaly priapism and poorly healing leg ulcers |
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Definition
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Term
Autosomal recessive disorder
Valine replaces glutamine in the sixth position on the B-globin part of the hemoglobin molecule
Affects 8% of American Blacks [descendants of Africans from equatorial Africa]
The trait [autosomal dominant] is present is 2% of the same population |
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Definition
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Term
Fever, night sweats, chronic cough, hemoptysis along with fatigue and weight loss; there may be chest pain and may present with dyspnea if there is an associated pleural effusion [stony dull percussion note and absent breath sounds over the effusion]; apical crackles and bronchial or cavernous breathing may be present
There may be spinal tenderness if there is spinal tuberculosis [Pott’s disease] |
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Definition
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Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; increased incidence in diabetic and immune-suppressed patients; seen more often in immigrants from the West Indies, Central and South America and Asia; droplet [aerosol] spread
The commonest extra-pulmonary location of tuberculosis is in the spine |
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Definition
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Term
| Tiredness with a beef red tongueSevere cases may present with paresthesia, burning feet and problems with balance [ataxia] due to damage to the peripheral nerves and the dorsal columns respectively [subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord] |
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Definition
| VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA |
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Term
Vitamin B12 deficiency either due to a deficient diet, drugs, fish tape worm infestation [Diphyllobothrium latum], Crohn’s disease or chronic gastritis; More common in strict vegans
Pernicious anemia refers specifically to the deficiency that is caused by lack of intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach [atrophic gastritis] |
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Definition
| VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA |
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Term
| Fatigue, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and Kayser Fleischer rings [brown greenish rings around the corneoscleral junction] |
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Definition
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Term
| Unknown; autosomal recessive lack of ceruloplasmin which results in deposition of copper in the liver, pancreas, brain and eyes; aka hepatolenticular disease |
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Definition
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