Term
|
Definition
-frequently results from rearing over backward
-colliding with obstacles
-direct kicks
-fractures of basisphenoid, occipital, and basioccipital sutures
-dysfunction of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, and XII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-basisphenoid
-basioccipital
-occipital
-petrous |
|
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Term
| Cerebral damage in cranial trauma can lead to: |
|
Definition
-coma
-dpression
-circling
-occsionally seizures |
|
|
Term
| Cranial trauma syndromes: Caudal brain stem hemorrhage results in... |
|
Definition
-coma
-marked depression
-anisocoria
-hemorrhage in inner ear cavities, facial nerve signs, vestibular nerve signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-direct or circumstantial evidence of trauma
-skull rads
-CSF: increase in RBCs and CK, Xanthochromia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-attend to shock
-relief of cerebral edema: dexamethasone, DMSO, osmotic diuresis
-abx
-control of convulsions
-repeat neuro evaluations |
|
|
Term
| Viral Causes of Diffuse CNS Disease: equine and bovine |
|
Definition
1. equine: EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV, Rabies, EHV-1
2. Bovine-rabies, pseudorabies, IBR, MCF, BSE |
|
|
Term
| Equine Viral Encephalomyelitides |
|
Definition
-distinct alphavirus of the togaviridae family: EEE, WEE, Venezuelan (VEE)
-Flaviviruses
-Member of Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex (WNV) |
|
|
Term
| Equine Encephalitis v. Western Encephalitis |
|
Definition
-EE: coastal states, MA and TX, up to 90% mortality
-WEE: West of Mississippi R. Valley, western Canada, MN seen mid to late summer, milder dz 10-50% mortality |
|
|
Term
| Venezuelan encephalomyelitides |
|
Definition
-NOT USA
-Central and S. America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-isolated from numerous wild birds
-birds are primary amplifier host
-migratory birds distribute and re-introduce virus into norther latitudes
-role of other vertebrates not known
-virus could possibly persiste in hibernating Culex spp. or chronically infected vertebrate hosts |
|
|
Term
| EEE, WEE, VEE Clinical signs |
|
Definition
-fever
-stiffness
-hyperesthesia
-frantic behavior
-compulsive walking
-seizures
-anorexia
-muscle fasiculations
-aggression
-head pressing
-semicoma |
|
|
Term
| EEE, WEE, VEE Clinical signs II |
|
Definition
-recumbency for 2-3 days is prognostic sign
-EE is most severe with highest mortality rate and residual neurologic deficits
-WE and WNV have lower mortality rates and complete recovery is possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-initially may appear "lame"
-flu-like: depression +/- sweating
-hypersensitivity
-recumbency
-muscle fasciculations, especially of face
-inability to swish tail
-inability to use tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clinical signs
-season
-vax hx
-CSF: pleocytosis and elevated protein; viral titers (IgM capture Elisa for WNV); virus isolation
-serology
-PCR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anti-inflammatory drugs: Flunixin meglumine; Dexamethasone
-DMSO
-+/- Mannitol
-fluid therapy if dehydrated or not drinking
-detomidine for thrashing, recumbent animals
-Diazepam/Acepromazine
-Vit E
-Thiamine or B-complex
-Plasma
-Nursing care with special attention to bladder function, pressure sores
-sling if unable to rise or stand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most become rapidly recumbent or stabilize in 72-96 hours
-if recumbent more than 48 hours usually consider euth
-relapses may occur in days or weeks
-20-40% mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-initial vax in April
-Booster 3 weeks later (May)
-time yearly booster for 3 weeks before start of mosquito season (May)
-new vax may be adequate to booster annually |
|
|
Term
| Rabies clinical signs: (cattle) |
|
Definition
-extremely variable:
-paralytic form: decreased milk/appetite, slobbering, may mimic chock, knuckling, ataxia, tenesmus, progressive paralysis, full blow encephalomyelitis in 6-7 days
-furious form: wild stare, hyperesthesia, charging, incoordination, hoarse bellowing, collapse and death 24-48 hours
*Note: rabies should be considered in any horse with acutely developing ataxia, lameness, mentation changes and local hypereshtesia of less than 10 days duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-history
-response to therapy-> progressive course
-necropsy: FA on hippocampus, Negri bodies in Purkinje cells, mouse innoculation
-prevention: routine annual vax (not post-exposure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-herpes virus disease in swine causing high baby pig mortality, infertility and abortion
-sporadic dz of ruminants causing nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and intense pruritis
-almost always close association with swine
-usually fatal
-no gross lesions of necropsy
-submit fresh brain for VI of FA |
|
|
Term
| Infectious bovine rhinotrachetis |
|
Definition
-calves under 6 months
-meningoencephalitis with common respiratory signs
-IBR infxs in adult animals mimic pseudorabies |
|
|
Term
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
|
Definition
| -may sometimes be accompanied by neuro signs consistent with encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of scrapie |
|
Definition
-sheep >18 months of age
-rare in goats
-signs last about 6 months
-fatal
rubbing and biting fleece
-pruritis of hind end
-progressive gait abnormality, pruritis
-muslce tremors
-emaciation, convulsion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-slaughter affected sheep
-select rams and replacements that are Scrapie resistant
-pastures unstocked for 2 months
-clean areas 2% caustic soda
-remove placenta |
|
|
Term
| Dx of spongiform encephalopathies |
|
Definition
-dx: post mortem histopath of brian
-vacuolated neurons
-IHC
-Rapid tests used as initial screen
-Tx: non
-Zoonosis |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial causes of diffuse CNS Dz equine vs. bovine |
|
Definition
-Equine: adults-skull FX, bastard standgles; foals/calves-septicemia
-Bovine: TME, Listeria, Dehorning: fusibacterium, A. pyogenes, enterotoxemia, coccidiosis (parasitic) |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis |
|
Definition
-Neonates: associated with septicemia
-cattle: dehorning and sinusitis
-horses: traumatic skull fractures
-clinical signs: fever, rigid neck and back, paddling, seizures, hyper-reactive to stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Neonatal foals: septicemia
-Foals: E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria, Salm, S. equi equi, Rhodococcus equi
-Adults: Actinomyces spp, Cornynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, Sphingobacterium multivorum, S. aures |
|
|
Term
| Dx/Tx/Necropsy of bacterial meningoenceph |
|
Definition
-Dx: CBC, CSF tap high PMN, protein
-Tx: broad spectrum abx (bactericidal preferred; max dose; IV>IM>SQ>PO), NSAIDS
-necropsy: thickened hemorrhagic meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-localized according to signs
-single: cattle: dehorning, ear infections; horses: Strep equi
-Multiple: cattle: actinomyces, fusibacterium |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs/dx/tx bacterial meningoenceph. |
|
Definition
-clinical signs: depression, blindness, headpressing, localized cranial nerve signs
-Dx: other concurrent dz, CBC, CSF
-Tx: abx, poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Infection and frontal sinusitis-painful, headpressing
-Osteomyelitis-breaks through sinus to brain; excitation, convulsions, depression
-Tx: Trephine sinus, irrigate, abx |
|
|
Term
| Thrombic Meningoencephalitis (TME): epidemiology/pathogenesis/clinical signs |
|
Definition
-epidemiology: feedlot cattle, recently arrived and stressed, low morbidity <5%, high mortality >90%
-Pathogenesis: Histophilus somni
-Clinical signs: sudden death, weakness, paralysis, somnulence, fever, excitatory signs
-Standing animals: ataxic, knuckling; retinal hemorrhages; die within 24-48 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Dx: CBC: inflammatory; culture; necropsy: hemorrhages, fibrinous meningitis, IHC for bacteria
-Tx: Florfenicol (successful if not downer)
-Control: vax: minimal effects |
|
|
Term
| Listeriolsis Etiology/Epidemiology |
|
Definition
-etiology: List. monocytogenes, gm+rod, hard to grow, hardy, intracellular parasite
-Epidemiology: outbreaks of meningitis in young ruminants, sporadic cases in mature cattle; fecal/oral route of infx; silage feeding, grows in poorly cured silage with pH >5.6; incubation 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Listeriosis pathogenesis and clinical signs |
|
Definition
-pathogenesis: mucosal abrasions and entry up CN-V, localizes in brainstem, microabsesses
-clinical signs: dull, somnolent, transient fever, cranial n. dysfunction, recumbency, head polled to one side
-Clinical course: cattel 7-14 days, Sheep 1-2 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Dx: CBC, CSF: increased monocytes and PMNs, necropsy: no gross lesions (histopath: microabsesses)
-R/0: trauma, ear infx, polio, rabies, lead, nervous ketosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ceftiofur, Oxytetracycline or Penicillin
-fluids if can not drink
-return of eating and drinking good prognostic indicator |
|
|
Term
| Chlamydial infection: BUSS=Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis |
|
Definition
-multisystemic dz
-calves under 6 months
-weakness, staggering progressing to recumbency
-tx with oxytetracycline |
|
|
Term
| Clostridial enterotoxemia |
|
Definition
-Clos perfringens type D
-overeating disease of feedlot sheep
-rapid death, staggering, blindness
-pulpy kidney in sheep due to rapid autolysis
-nervous signs from focal symmetrical encephalomalacia |
|
|
Term
| Tx of Clostridial enterotoxemia |
|
Definition
-vax all animals with type D toxoid on day 1 and again 12-14 days later, de-worm, and reduce grain until the vaccine takes effect
-prevention: vaccinate ewes 30 days prior to lambing; previously unvax animals should be given two doses of the vax one month apart, starting at 4 weeks follows by annual booster |
|
|
Term
| Parasitic causes of CNS disease |
|
Definition
-Nervous coccidiosis:
-feedlot calves with diarrhea
-high mortality
-direct relationship unknwown
-intermittent staggering, jerking, seizure-like signs, recover and look normal for a period
-Dx: check feces for coccidia
-Tx: amprolium or sulfaquinoxaline, fluids, and electrolytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-strongylus vulgaris
-Helicephalobus deletrix
-asymmetric central or spinal cord signs
-CSF: increased eosinophils, protein
-CBC: normal
-Tx: 5 times normal dose of fenbendazole plus DMSO, NSAID, coricosteroids
-protozoal cause: EPM |
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