American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

developed a system of soil classification based on suitability for highway construction. 

The part of the masonry wall behind the exterior facing.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

the process of recessing or sloping a wall back in successive courses. the opposite or corbel.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Bond:

structural

tensile

pattern 

Structural bond refers to tying a Masonry wall together by lapping units one over another or by connecting them with metal ties. Tensile bond refers to adhesion between the mortar and masonry units or their reinforcement. Pattern bond refers to patterns formed by the exposed faces of units.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

A shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry out from the face of the wall.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Unfired clay brick or other clay products which can be sculpted before they are dried and fired.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

The application of mortar to the face or back of a masonry, sometimes called back-plastering.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Troweling mortar into a joint after the masonry unit is laid.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Projecting brick or block in alternate courses to provide for a bond with the adjoining masonry that will be laid later.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Involves refilling mortar joints that have been cut or have fallen out of existing masonry.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

The stress resulting from the forces acting on the beam and the reaction of hte supports. The bending moment at any section in the beam is the sum of the moments on either side of the section. Expressed in inch-pounds.

-Time Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

The tendency of a member to deform when placed under a load; present in all structures regardless of the material or magnitude of the load. Common acceptable limits of deflection range from 1/200th to 1/360th the effective span of the member in question. Expressed in inches (in).

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

A measure of inherent strength in a species and grade of lumber. Expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Dead load is the weight of the materials in the structure, including permanently attached fixtures and equipment. Live load is the weight of the people using the structure, the moveable furniture and equipment, snow, water, ice, and wind. Expressed in pounds per square foot (psf).

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

A measure of how much a material deforms in relation to the load applied.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

The tendancy of a force to cause rotation about an axis. Moment is the product of a force and a distance.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

the perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to the point being acted on.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

An abstract measure described as the sum of all the products of all infinately small areas times the square of their distances from the neutral surface of the beam.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Span refers to center-to-center measurement. Effective span refers to the distance measured between supports.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

a type of cut stone typically selected from stratified rock such as limestone, sandstone and shale. Used for building solid walls. Ashlar is also a name for masonry made of squared stone laid in a random or coursed pattern, called coursed ashlar.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

The lowest level in soil that frosts or freezes.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

A single brick or course of bricks turned to span the width of the wall. Headers tie two side by side tiers of bricks together.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

abbreviation for reinforcing bar, sometimes referred to as rods. Round, steel bars placed in concrete and unit masonry walls for reinforcement purposes. Sized in 1/8" increments ex: a #4 is 1/2".

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

The width of one course of common bricks

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

appearance of excess water rising to the surface shortly after the placing of concrete.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

appearance of a powdery material at the surface of a hardened concrete slab, probably caused improper curing.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

a fluid mixture of cemet, water and sand of casting consistency

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

heat created during the hardening process of concrete

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

the chemical reaction of water and cement that produces a hardened concrete.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

a cement that can set or harden while under water

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

concrete placed in one continuous cast without joints

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

a mixture of cement and water (no aggregate)

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

the act of putting concrete in position( sometimes incorrectly referred to as pouring)

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

easily molded concrete that will change its form slowly only if the mold is removed

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

concrete subjected to stretching (or stressing) of reinforcing bars or cables within, thereby developing greater stength, stiffness and crack resistance in the concrete.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

concrete components which are cast and cured off-site or in a factory before being placed into their final position.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

compacting concrete with a spade, rod or other tool

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

concrete mixed at a central plant or in trucks enroute to the job and delivered ready to be placed

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab(to a depth about 1/16 to 3/16th of an inch, usually occuring at an early age of the slab.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

partial cutting of concrete to control shrinkage and cracking. Also used to denote the roughening of a base slab to develop a stronger mechanical bond with a finish slab, etc.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

separation of heavier coarse aggregates from the mortar or of the water from the other ingredients of a concrete mix during heardening or placing.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

decrease in the initial volume due to the removal of moisture from fresh concrete.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

fragments of concrete dislodged from the surface of concrete

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

a layer of material, aggregate or coarse graded concrete between the subgrade(soil) and the top course of the paving.

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

compacted fill or earth surface under subbase

Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture

Set Screw

a screw with threads the entire length and no head. Typically, setscrews have a hex or slot drive recessed in the threaded length.

Machine screw, machine bolt

Rod with spiral threads the entire length and with one flat end and a head on other end. Holds object to another object that has a pre-threaded hole, frequently a nut. Usually manufactured from metal. Can be rotated into or out of the object using a screwdriver or wrench.

myword.info

a us unit of measurement referring to incident light (light reflecting of a surface at a certain location). Footcandles can be derived from lumens (1 fc= 1 lumen/sq ft) or candelas (fc=candelas/distance squared).

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

the international standard(SI) measure of incident light(light hitting a surface). it is equal to one lumen uniformly distributed over an area of one square meter. 10.7 lx= 1 fc

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

unit of intensity of a light source in a specific direction, often referred to as Candela. One candela directed perpendicularly to a surface one foot away generates one footcandle of light.

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

incident light, or light striking a surface

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

light leaving a surface, whether due to the surface's reflectance, or because it is the surface of a light emitting object (like a lightbulb) . Luminance is the measurable form of brightness, thich is a subjective sensation.\

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

a measure of how efficiently a lamp converts electric power (watts) into light energy(lumens) without regard to the effectiveness of its illumination. it should not be assumed that a lamp which has a high efficacy will give better illumination that a less efficiet lamp.

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

lamp output (lumens) will depreciate over its effective life. I;;umination will be reduced further due to an accumulation of dirt and grime on the lamp and fixture. adjustments should be made to compensate for this depreciation when determining the average values of illumination maintaine over time. A maintenance factor of 50 to 70 percent is common for oudoor applications. New installations are routinely designed to deliver 1-1/2 to 3 times as much illumination as needed, to sustain this maintained output over the anticipated life of the lamp.

Time-saver standards for landscape architects

Platform Framing

Has joists [image]

picture from Winterbottom's "Wood in the Landscape"

[image]

no joists.

[image]

1:joist, 2-rim joist, 3- sandwich beam, 4-post, 5- footing, 6- beam, 7- rail cap, 8- rail,9-baluster, 10- stair ringer

[image]

http://www.rd.com/content/openContent.do?contentId=18177

division 2- site prep-demo, surveying

31- earthwork (below grade)

32- exterior improvements(most LA things!)

33-utilities

Masonlry Anchor.

 http://www.acehardware.com/sm-installing-masonry-anchors--bg-1283458.html

Atterberg limits

Shrinkage limit

The shrinkage limit (SL) is the water content where further loss of moisture will not result in anymore volume reduction.^[2] The test to determine the shrinkage limit is ASTM International D427. The shrinkage limit is much less commonly used than the liquid limit and the plastic limit.

Wikkipedia 

Plastic limit

A soil has reached its plastic limit when it is moist enough that it has some cohesion but not so moist that it totally sticks together.  Imagine white sugar(below plastic limit) vs brown sugar vs cookie dough(above liquid limit). 

The plastic limit (PL) is the water content where soil starts to exhibit plastic behavior. A thread of soil is at its plastic limit when it is rolled to a diameter of 3 mm and crumbles. To improve consistency, a 3 mm diameter rod is often used to gauge the thickness of the thread when conducting the test.

Liquid limit

Soil wet beyond its liquid limit is cohesive, like playdough.  Dryer than the liquid limit (in a plastic state) crumbles like graham cracker crust.There may be a better way of imagining it.- me

The liquid limit (LL) is the water content where a soil changes from plastic to liquid behavior. 

.

wikipedia 

The activity (A) of a soil is the PI divided by the percent of clay-sized particles present. Different types of clays have different specific surface areas which controls how much wetting is required to move a soil from one phase to another such as across the liquid limit or the plastic limit. From the activity one can predict the dominant clay type present in a soil sample. High activity signifies large volume change when wetted and large shrinkage when dried. Soil with high activity are very reactive chemically.

Normally, activity of clay is between 0.75 and 1.25. It is assumed that the plasticity index is approximately equal to the clay fraction (A = 1). When A is less than 0.75, it is considered inactive. When it is greater than 1.25, it is considered active.

wikipedia 

[image]

http://physics.uwstout.edu/geo/sect8.htm 

Gabion retaining wall.

Stones in wire cages.  good for drainage, cheap. 

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WI005

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WI005

backflow prevention between irrigation system and water source.

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/sprinkler08.htm 

e.g. SCH40 and SCH 80

Wall thickness is the same as steel pipe at the same schedule and pipe size, unlike Class PVC Pipe.  Used for precut threaded nipples for sprinkler risers in shrub beds. 

designated by pressure ratings. Used for most of the irrigation pipes.

E.g. CL 160 or CL200 or CL315

Derived limits

The values of these limits are used in a number of ways. There is also a close relationship between the limits and properties of a soil such as compressibility, permeability, and strength. This is thought to be very useful because as limit determination is relatively simple, it is more difficult to determine these other properties. Thus the Atterberg limits are not only used to identify the soil's classification, but it also allows for the use of empirical correlations for some other engineering properties.

Plasticity index

The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 tend to have little or no silt or clay.

Casagrande subsequently standardized the apparatus and the procedures to make the measurement more repeatable. Soil is placed into the metal cup portion of the device and a groove is made down its center with a standardized tool. The cup is repeatedly dropped 10mm onto a hard rubber base until the groove is closed for 13 mm (½ inch). The moisture content at which it takes 25 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close is defined as the liquid limit.

Another method for measuring the liquid limit is the Cone Penetrometer test. It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass. Despite the universal prevalence of the Casagrande method, the cone penetrometer is often considered to be a more consistent alternative because it minimises the possibility of human variations when carrying out the test.

Liquidity index

abbreviations:

alum

ac.

A.C.C.M.P

A.C.P 

B&B

B.C.

Bit.

B.M 

alum=aluminum

ac.=acres

A.C.C.M.P=asphalt-coated corrugated metal

A.C.P =asbestos cement pipe

B&B=balled and burlaped

B.C.=bottom of curb

Bit.=bituminous

B.M =benchmark

abbreviations:

B.S.

B.V.C

B.W.

Cal

C.B.

C.I

CL 

B.S.= bottom of slope

B.V.= beginning of vertical curve

B.W.= both ways

Cal= caliper

C.B.= catch basin

C.I= cast iron

CL = center line

abbreviations:

C.L.F.

C.O.

C.M.P.

C/S

C.F.

C.Y.

D 

C.L.F. = chain-link fence

C.O.= cleanout

C.M.P.= corrugated metal pipe

C/S= cross slope

C.F.= cubic feet

C.Y.= cubic yards

abbreviations

d.m.h

d.f.

e.c.

e.a.p

e.v.c

e.w.

e.s. 

d.m.h=drop manhole

d.f.= drinking fountain

e.c.= electrical contractor

e.a.p=exposed aggregate paving

e.v.c.=end of vertical curve

e.w.= end wall

e.s. = end section

abbreviations

f.f.

f.g.

f.h.

f.s.d

ftg.

ga.

g.c.

f.f.= finished floor elevation

f.g.=  finished grade elevation

f.h.= fire hydrant

f.s.d= full-sized detail

ftg.=footing

ga.=gauge

g.c.=  General contractor

abbreviations

g.r.

g.v.

hb

hw

h.p.

i.d.

j.b.

g.r.= guard rail

g.v.= gas valve

hb= hosebib

hw= headwall

h.p.= highpoint

i.d.- inside diameter

j.b.= junction box

abbr.:

l.p.

l.f.

l.c.

m.h.

n.i.c.

n.t.s

nom. 

l.p.= low point

l.f.= linear feet

l.c.=lanscape contractor

m.h.= manhole

n.i.c.= not in contact

n.t.s= not to scale

nom. = nominal

abbr. 

o.c.

o.d.

p.a.

p.c.p.

p.v.c.

p.c.

p.c.c

o.c.=  on center

o.d.= outside diameter

p.a.= planting area

p.c.p.= porous concrete paver

p.v.c.= polyvinyl chloride pipe

p.c.= point of curvature

p.c.c.= point of compound curve

abbr.:

pl

P.V.C.

 P.V.t

pt

r

r.c.p. 

r.o.w. 

pl= property line

P.V.C.=point of vertical curvature

 P.V.t= point of vertival tangent

pt-point of tangent

r= radius

r.c.p. = reinforced concrete pipe

r.o.w. = roght of way

abbr.

s.i.

st'l

sq

sta

s/s

t.c.

t.e. 

s.i.= storm inlet

st'l= steel

sq= square

sta= station

s/s= stainless steel

t.c.= top of curb

abbr.

t&g

t.w.

t.s.

Twp.

typ.

u.d.

usgs

v.c. 

t&g= tongue in groove

t.w.=top of wall

t.s.= top of slope

Twp.= township

typ.= typical

u.d.= underdrain

usgs= united states geological survey

v.c.= vertical curve

abbr:

var.

v.c.p.

w.w.m.

w.v.

y.d.

var.= various, varies

v.c.p.= verified clay pipe 

w.w.m.=  woven wire mesh

w.v.=water valve

y.d.= yard driain