Term
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Definition
| Refers to a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.These are shown on labels of commercial fertilizers as percentages of N, PK. For example, a fertilizer labeled as 16-8-16 contains 16% nitrogen, 8% phosphorus, and 16% potassium by weight. |
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Definition
| Refers to a fertilizer containing only one of the primary plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. |
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Definition
| Refers to a fertilizer containing two of the primary plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. Compositions with phosphorus and potassium are commonly used to improve flower production. |
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Definition
| Refers to the three most essential elements necessary for plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. |
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Term
| SECONDARY PLANT NUTRIENTS |
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Definition
| Refers to three other essential elements necessary for plant growth: calcium, magnesium, and sulfur . These are often grouped with the "micronutrients." |
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Definition
| Refers to the minor elements necessary for plant growth. These are essential for plant growth but are used in much smaller amounts than the other essential elements. The micronutrients include boron, copper, Iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and sometimes calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. These should not be applied as a "shotgun" application to cover possible deficiencies, but rather only when a need is recognized. |
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Definition
| One of the primary nutrients. It is required for the formation of proteins, chlorophyll and enzymes needed for the healthy development of cell structure. The soluble nitrate or nitric form is most used by plants and is characterized by being quick |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the primary nutrients, it stimulates early root growth, plant maturity, and promotes flower and fruit production. Phosphorus is insoluble, and thus it is more critical that it be applied near the roots to be most effective. Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in plants are slow or stunted growth, delayed maturity, and poor flower or fruit development. |
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Definition
| One of the primary nutrients. It stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower and fruit production. Like phosphorus, potassium should be applied near the roots to be most effective. Symptoms of potassium deficiency in plants are tip and marginal burn starting on more mature leaves, weak stalks, poor flower or fruit development, and slow growth. |
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Term
| CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SULFUR |
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Definition
| The secondary nutrients often grouped with the micronutrients, but determined to be more critical than other nutrients in that group. These are generally abundant in most soils. Calcium is an essential part of cell formation and structure. Magnesium is essential for photosynthesis. Sulfur is used in protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain organic chemicals used to form strong bonds with nutrient metals (iron, zinc, manganese, and copper). Chelates used in fertilizers are soluble and help keep nutrient metals mobile in the soil, thus aiding in availability to plants. Chelated iron is commonly used in the treatment of iron chiorosis. |
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Definition
| There are three classifications, all of which are used to improve soil structure, pH and/or fertility. |
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Definition
| Decomposed organic matter which can aid in flocculating clay soils and help increase waterholding capacity and fertility of sandy soils. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium. Used to raise pH of overly acid soils, and to improve some clay soil s by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium and sulfur. Used to Improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates under the action of light. Chlorophyll is required for the conversion of light energy into chemical forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of living plants to the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition, usually due to iron deficiency, in which the body of the leaf is paler or more yellow than normal while the veins remain green. The soil may lack iron, but it is more common that the iron is "tied up" and unavailable to the roots. Over watering and lack of aeration may cause both the body and the veins of the leaf to turn yellow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes called antitranspirants, this refers to solutions which when applied to leaves partially seals the transpiring surfaces and reduces water loss. This may be used on container plants to minimize wilting and stress following planting or in preparation of leafy cuttings for rooting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tree or shrub trained so branching structure is emphasized and directed in a flat pattern against a wall, fence, trellis, or other surface. The resulting pattern may be formal, geometric, or informal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Training of shrub or tree branching structure in an interwoven pattern. May result in a vertical hedge-type form or, in the case of trees, an overhead natural arbor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe pruning of major deciduous tree limbs each dormant season to create large knobby core of branching structure. Such treatment results in an extremely compact leafy dome |
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Term
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Definition
| One method of plant propagation, often used to combine the favorable rooting characteristics of one species with the favorable top growth characteristics of another. In grafting, the scion (cutting of top growth) is united with another plant referred to as the stock, understock, or rooting stock. For the graft to be successful, the cambium layer of the scion and the rootstock must be in contact and bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of the cells actively or potentially involved in cell d i v i s ion or growth. There are various types, including apical meristems (at the tips of roots and shoots) and cambium, or lateral meristem (which increases the girth of woody stems, creating both phloem and xylem tissue). |
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Term
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Definition
| The water-conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The food-conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that complete their life cycle (seed germination, growth, flowering, setting seed, and death) in a year or less. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that complete their life cycle in two years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonwoody plants that live for more than two years. Top growth of some perennials die back each year, but some perennials retain their growth continuously. |
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Term
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Definition
| Containers are classed according to minimum and maximum acceptable dimensions in height, inside top diameter, and inside bottom diameter. Classes are #1, #2, #3, #5,#7,and #15 according to the dimensions. Although these classes closely relate to "gallon" terms often used, the "official" standard uses the dimensions described. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the diameter of the trunk. Standard measurement is to be taken 6" above the ground up to and inc luding 4" caliper size, and 12" above the ground for larger sizes. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a primary stem starting from the ground or close to the ground at a point not higher than one fourth the overall height of the plant. Used in size-grading of shrubs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The approximate field capacity which is the moisture content remaining in soil two to three days after thorough wetting. This is the water generally utilized by plant material. Field capacity is expressed as moisture percentage, dry |
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Term
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Definition
| The abbreviation for the element potassium absorbed by plants. Like phosphorus, potassium is relatively immobile in the soil and, thus, needs to be near the roots to be of use to the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium is generally abundant in most soi ls. It is an essential part of cell wall structure and must be present for the formation of new cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnesium is generally abundant in most soils, but is more often deficient than calcium. The chlorophyll molecule contains magnesium and is therefore essential for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An expression of the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions (H.+) and hydroxyl ions (OH') in a soil sample. A scale range from 0 to 14 is used. The terms "acid" (low pH), "neutral," and "alkaline" (high pH) are used when describing the soil pH or "soil reaction" as it is often referred to. Generally pH values from 6.0 to 8.0 are acceptable unless acid |
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Term
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Definition
(c) A "cool season" turfgrass. These ordinarily do not lose their green color unless the air temperature is below 32°F (0°C) for an extended period.They will turn green again when temperatures rise above freezing and are generally not damaged by subfreezing temperatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| The moisture content of living and dead plant material as it influences flammability and fire behavior. Typically high in winter and spring while decreasing during the summer. Also, fuel moisture is generally lower on south |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of plant material per unit area as it influences flammability and fire behavior. Fuel loading generally increases as plants mature and become old, thus increasing fire danger. |
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Term
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Definition
| In relation to plant material, this refers to the differences in fuel volume, inherent flammability characteristics of a plant, and the ease of fire spread. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relative to fire safety this refers to the direct transfer of heat by objects touching each other. An example would be the transfer of heat from burning plant material to a structure it is planted against. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relative to fire safety, convection is the transfer of heat by atmospheric currents. In windy conditions or steep terrain the effects of convection greatly influence flammability and fire behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relative to fire safety radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves and can travel against the forces of wind. Radiation heat can preheat a neighboring home to the ignition point without direct physical contact with the flames of the fire. |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't mix with water. Has no charge differential on the molecular level for water to be attracted by. ex, oil |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, a unidirectional change In the composition of a plant ecosystem. It is a result of plants responding to and modifying the environment. Plant succession is often a result of fire and affects fire safety as follows: 1. Fire occurs, destroying most existing vegetation. 2. First succession includes primarily grasses and other herbaceous plant material. 3. Without fire, woody plants move in. |
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Term
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Definition
| The steepest angle that bare soil will maintain. Approximately 34° (67%) for most natural slopes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The wearing away of land surface by the forces of water, wind, ice, and/or gravity. Landslides, soil slip, and dry creep are all types of erosion. Two other common types are rill erosion (formation of numerous small channels only several inches deep) and sheet erosion (removal of a relatively uniform layer of soil). |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of erosion which generally occurs on steep slopes lacking vegetative cover. It involves the movement of dry soil and/or debris primarily as a reaction to the forces of gravity rather than water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of erosion which generally occurs when soils on slopes become saturated with water. In this more liquid condition the soils are more susceptible to the forces of gravity and are likely to slide downhill. Landslides along with soil slippage account for almost 50% of the total erosion occurring in most watersheds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of erosion similar to landslides, but of a lesser magnitude. adjacent slopes will provide additional protection from fire and heat. |
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Term
| LOW LEVEL LANDSCAPE LIGHTS |
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Definition
| • heights generally less than 6' • incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, or pressure sodium • generally landscape and pathway lighting • high susceptibility to vandalism • possible glare problems when below eye level |
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| INTERMEDIATE HEIGHT LIGHTS |
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Definition
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Term
| PARKING LOT AND ROADWAY LIGHTS |
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Definition
| • heights range from 20'+ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When object is viewed from one direction, accent lights can be placed above grade but should be aimed away from view points to prevent glare. When view points surround the object being lighted, then a louvered well light may be most successful but must be placed well under the tree canopy close to the trunk to provide the best effect. Has a negative impact on wildlife, migrations, and human circadian rythms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wash of light usually against a wall or building facade to provide contrast to object in foreground. Can be used to provide interest while also providing security lighting around structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well directed lighting of a specific object. This is usually accomplished with a well shielded fixture and a spot type lamp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area lighting that is directed, but casts light on a greater area than spot lighting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally is spread lighting, but at a height below eye level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit of measurement that refers to the amount of light energy emitted by a light source without regard to the effectiveness of its distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit of measurement that refers to illumination incident at a specific point. One foot candle is equal to one lumen uniformly distributed over an area of one square foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparable to foot candle, it is the international unit of measurement that refers to the illumination incident at a specific point. Equal to one lumen uniformly distributed over one square meter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of illumination incident on a surface varies with the intensity of the source, the distance between the source and the surface, and the angle of incidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally means the power to produce an effect. It is the measurement of how efficiently a lamp converts electric power (watts) into light energy (lumens). This does not consider effectiveness of illumination, i.e., a lamp with high efficacy will not necessarily give better illumination than a less efficient lamp. |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the reduction of lamp output (lumens) during the life of a lamp which results in a reduction of illumination. Deposits of dirt on the lamp or fixture will result in a further reduction of illumination. To compensate for this expected loss a maintenance factor of 50% or more may be used for lighting design of outdoor fixtures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to illustrate the Illumination data (distribution of candlepower) of lighting fixtures at a specific height and/or layout position. These charts are an aid in determining spacing of light sources. Charts may be used to demonstrate distribution on a vertical plane (walls, signage, etc.) or horizontal plane (walkways, roads, etc.). |
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Term
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Definition
| Two aspects in color characteristics of lamps should be considered in lighting design: the apparent color and the color rendering. The apparent color is described by color temperatures from warm to cool in appearance. Aesthetics are the basis for deciding on one or the other. Generally warm colors tend to be favored when illumination Is low and cooler colors are more desirable for high lighting levels. The color rendering refers to how the perception of an object's true color is affected by illumination. Color rendering is compared using a scale from 0 |
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Term
| acres in a square mile or section |
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Definition
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Term
phase 1 environmental site assessment
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Definition
historical review, local encironmental oversight agency interviews, government environmental database review, inspection of subject property and surrounding areas, conslusions regarding the presence or potential presence of environmental liabilities at the suject property, reccomendations
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Term
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Definition
| soils that are sufficiently wet in the upper part to develop anaerobic conditions during the growing season. |
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Term
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Definition
approximately equal parts sand and silt plus up to 25% clay. Often found in flood plains, good farm land. Perfect for plants.
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Definition
canadian version of the us public land survey system. counted west from meridian [image] Each 6 mi sq township is subdevided into 36 1 sq mi, numbered from bottom right to left. Each mi is subdivided into NW, NE, etc. Exampl: "the Northeast Quarter of Section 20, Township 8, Range 17 west of the Third Meridian", abbreviated "NE-20-8-17-W3." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey |
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Definition
a surveying sight on a previously established survey point
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Definition
a surveying standard jointly proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping that incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. ALTA/ACSM surveys, frequently shortened to ALTA surveys, are often required for real estate transactions. wikipedia |
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Definition
used to accurately assess the relationship of archaeological sites in a landscape or to accurately record finds on an archaeological site.A special type of field survey is the rescue survey, used when an area of possible archaeological importance is under threat. This is usually connected to construction work, and is undertaken to decide whether an excavation is necessary or not before work can commence on the site. wikipedia |
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Term
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Definition
| a survey conducted several times during a construction project to verify that the work was completed to the specifications set on the Site Plan. A complete survey of the site to confirm that the structures, utilities, and roadways proposed were built in the proper locations. |
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Term
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Definition
- the actual physical extent of property ownership, typically witnessed by monuments or markers, such as (typically iron rods, pipes or concrete monuments in the ground, but also tacks or blazes in trees, piled stone corners or other types of monuments) are measured, and a map, or plat, is drawn from the data. (Also known as cadastral surveys)
- wikipedia
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Term
| Mortgage Survey or Physical Survey |
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Definition
| a simple survey that generally determines land boundaries and building locations. Required by title companies and lending institutions to show no structures encroaching on property and that position of structures is within zoning and building code. Most modern U.S. states require the same standard of care for mortgage surveys as any other survey. The resulting higher price for mortgage surveys has led some lending institutions to accept "Mortgage Inspections" not signed or sealed by a surveyor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Boundary lines are drawn inside the larger parcel to indicate the creation of new boundary lines and roads. Monuments, usually square concrete blocks or iron rods or pins, are driven into the ground to mark lot corners and curve ends, and the plat is recorded in the cadastre . The final map or plat becomes, in effect, a contract between the developer and the city or county, determining what can be built on the property and how. upon finally completion of a subdivision, an As-Built Plan is required so the roadway will pass ownership from to said local government by way of a contract called a Covenant. The roadways will now be maintained, repaved, swept, and plowed by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of survey is the most basic and inexpensive type of land survey. Popular in the middle part of the 20th century, tape surveys while being accurate for distance lack substantially in their accuracy of measuring angle and bearing. Considering that a survey is the documentation of one-half (1/2) distances and one-half (1/2) bearings this type of survey is no longer accepted amongst local, state, or federal regulatory committees for any substantial construction work. However for determining the extent of you property boundaries for way of peace-of-mind this type of survey is the least expensive, least time consuming and least invasive, while being nowhere close to accurate for the standards that are practiced by professional land surveyors. |
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Term
| Wetlands Delineation & Location Survey: |
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Definition
| completed when construction work is to be done on or near defined wetlands. Depending on your local, state, or federal regulations wetlands are usually classified as areas that are completely inundated with water more than two (2) weeks during the growing season. Contact your local or state Conservation Commission or Wetlands Regulatory Commission to determine the particular definition for wetlands in your given geographical region. The boundary is determined by soil colors, vegetation, erosion patterns or scour marks, hydrology, and morphology. Typically blue or pink colored flags are placed to denote the boundary. A survey is done on the locations of the placed flags and a plan is drawn to reference the boundary of the wetlands against the boundary of the surrounding plots or parcels of land and the construction work proposed within. |
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Term
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Definition
| The aim of cadastral surveys is normally to re-establish and mark the corners of original land boundaries. The first stage is to research relevant records such as land titles (deeds), easements, survey monumentation (marks on the ground) and any public or private records that provide relevant data.are licensed by State governments. In the United States, cadastral surveys are typically conducted by the Federal government, specifically through the Cadastral Surveys branch of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) |
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Term
who is in charge of benchmarks?
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Definition
- The National Geodetic Survey (NGS; formerly U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey)
- The United States Geological Survey (USGS)
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Term
| State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) |
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Definition
| each state has at least one zone. By subdividing the country, the systems can ignore the curvature of the earth and still be accurate. Depending on whether the state is longer east-west or north-south they use Lambert conformal conic projection or a Transverse Mercator projection. |
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Term
Public Land Survey Systemeg. S13-R20E-T1S MDM |
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Definition
[image] not in use in the origional 13 colonies or texas or hawaii. Range lines run paralel to baselines. They define townships(36 sqmi), which are subdivided into 1sqmi "sections", numbered starting with one in the northeastern corner, going west and zig-zagging row-by-row down the township. The westernmost column is allowed to vary from 1sqmi to account for curvature of the earth. S13-R20E-T1S MDM refers to: Township 1 South, Range 20 East, Section 13, Mount Diablo Meridian, or the 13th section in the first township south of the baseline and 20th township east of the principal meridian. witness objects are trees or ditches or whatever around the monuments. Cool! Wikipedia
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Term
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Definition
Marshes are dominated by herbaceous vegetation, typically bladeleaf plants such as cattails, reeds, and rushes. Although these plants may reach a height of six feet or more, marshes often have the look of a grassland or meadow; indeed, some marshes are called wet meadows. Soils are typically rich with relatively high pH levels, which has made marshes attractive to agriculture in many areas.
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Term
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Definition
Swamps are dominated by trees and shrubs. There are many varieties of swamps in the us and canada. At the climatic extremes, for example, are cypress swamps in the south and northern conifer swamps in the north. Northern conifer swamps may be dominated by various tree covers: Spruce, tamarack, cedar, or balsam fir, which may occur in various associations with other trees and shrubs. Owing to the short growing season and persistantly wet or flooded soils, the trees of the northern conifer swamps are often stunted and at full maturity may reach heights of only ten to twenty feet.
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Term
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Definition
Bogs are northern wetlands containing a wide diversity of vegetation. They are characterized by deep organic deposits, typically peat and tend to be acidic. Bogs often form in ponds or small lakes where the vegetation is organized in concentric bands ranging from trees in the outer band to emergent and floating vegetation near the middle. Although bogs tend to fill in and become grown over in the long term, many show a capacity to expand and contract with rises and falls in water level in response to changes in groundwater, streamflow, and obstructions such as beaver dams.
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Term
US Wetland Classification System
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Definition
by US National Wetlands Survey three levels: level 1: ocean, estuary, riparian, ponds, and exclusive wetlands. Level 2: consistancy- wet at least 2 weeks/year Level 3: based on ecosystems/vegetation. fish and woldlife service, EPA, army corps of engineers.
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Definition
three primary factors: Vegetation(most common), Soils(hydric-muck, peat), Hydrology protection established in section 404 of the us clean water act |
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Term
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Definition
filling in of a stream channel with sediment, usually associated with low discharges and or heavy sediment loads.
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Term
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Definition
a fan shaped deposit of sediment laid down by a stream at the foot of a slope; very common features in dry regions, where streams deposit their sediment load as they lose dicharge downstream,
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Term
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Definition
any material deposited by running water; the soil material of floodplains and alluvial fans
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Term
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Definition
any material made up of a mixture of runoff and mass wasting deposits.
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Definition
like a bog, only fed by groundwater so not so acidic. It is a stage in filling in a lake.
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Definition
a quadrangle is an area that can be subdivided into 16 townships, and has limits generally measuring about 24 miles on each side. They are generally named after local geographic features.
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Term
Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps |
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Definition
| highest efficacy of all commercially available lighting sources. Even though they emit a yellow light, a low-pressure sodium lamp shouldn't be confused with a standard high-pressure sodium lamp—a high-intensity discharge lamp. Low-pressure sodium lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp and require a ballast. The lamps are also physically large—about 4-feet long for the 180-watt size—;so light distribution from fixtures is less controllable. There is a brief warm-up period for the lamp to reach full brightness. With a CRI of 0, low-pressure sodium lamps are used where color rendition is not important but energy efficiency is. They're commonly used for outdoor, roadway, parking lot, and pathway lighting. Low-pressure sodium lamps are preferred around astronomical observatories because the yellow light can be filtered out of the random light surrounding the telescope. |
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Term
[image] [image]
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps |
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Definition
| Compared to fluorescent and incandescent lamps, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps produce a large quantity of light in a small package. HID lamps produce light by striking an electrical arc across tungsten electrodes housed inside a specially designed inner glass tube. This tube is filled with both gas and metals. The gas aids in the starting of the lamps. Then, the metals produce the light once they are heated to a point of evaporation. Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require a ballast to start and maintain their operation. Types of HID lamps include mercury vapor (CRI range 15-55), metal halide (CRI range 65-80), and high-pressure sodium (CRI range 22-75) (about CRI). Mercury vapor lamps, which originally produced a bluish-green light, were the first commercially available HID lamps. Today, they are also available in a color corrected, whiter light. But they are still often being replaced by the newer, more efficient high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps. Standard high-pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy of all HID lamps, but they produce a yellowish light. High-pressure sodium lamps that produce a whiter light are now available, but efficiency is somewhat sacrificed. Metal halide lamps are less efficient but produce an even whiter, more natural light. Colored metal halide lamps are also available. HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light are required over large areas and when energy efficiency and/or long life are desired. These areas include gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, outdoor activity areas, roadways, parking lots, and pathways. More recently, however, HID sources, especially metal halide, have been used in small retail and residential environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| large, thin, frosted glass envelope containing an inert gas such as argon and/or nitrogen & tungsten filament. Electricity heats the filament, which emits visible light =>incandescence. Most standard light bulbs are incandescent lamps. CRI=100,CCT=2600-3000,=good. Inefficient: energy=> 10% light, 90% heat.
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Term
| perception/reaction distance formula |
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Definition
PR = 1.47(t)(V) where PR = perception and reaction distance in feet
t = perception plus reaction time in seconds (2.5 seconds is accepted
average)
V = initial velocity or speed in mph |
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Term
| breaking distance formula |
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Definition
d = V 2/30f where d = braking distance in feet
V = initial velocity or speed in m p h
F = coefficient of friction between tires and pavement |
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Term
| Construction surveying (otherwise "lay-out" or "setting-out") |
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Definition
| Construction surveying (otherwise "lay-out" or "setting-out"): the process of establishing and marking the position and detailed layout of new structures such as roads or buildings for subsequent construction. In this sense, surveying may be regarded as a sub-discipline of civil engineering. |
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