Term
what kind of art was showcased international exhibit of modern art in 1913?
what did people think about it? |
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Definition
-exhibited new art from Europe like Picasso's
-people hated it |
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Term
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Definition
-express the artist's feelings
-did not aim to please the viewer |
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Term
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Definition
-looked at the world as objective, took a scientific approach
-featured simple shapes and primary colors |
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Term
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Definition
| architecture that focused on functional aspects only, no decoration |
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Term
| what ideas do the Bauhaus and Walter Gropius represent? |
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Definition
-was a response to the Communist Manifesto
-utility = beauty
-machine, factory made, functionalism |
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Term
| what designs did Le Corbusier promote? |
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Definition
-pioneered modernism
-desired standardization, no decorations or cultural evidence -> international style |
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Term
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Definition
| painting by Le Corbusier, similar to Da Vinci's Vitruvian man, focused on geometry |
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Term
what is the international style?
was it popular? |
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Definition
-standardized building style, no cultural influence
-was extremely popular and spread across countries |
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Term
what is the first example of City Beautiful Movement by Burnham?
what was its aim? |
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Definition
-first big example was the Columbian expo in 1893
-wanted to improve the aesthetics of cities
-solved physical problems but not social ones |
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Term
where was the Columbian Expo held?
who designed it?
what is it an example of? |
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Definition
-in Chicago
-designed by Burnham
-first example of City Beautiful Movement |
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Term
| what did the Cadbury brothers invent? |
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Definition
implemented factory towns in the countryside (ex, Bournville), built from scratch
solved social problems by moving factories out of cities |
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Term
| what kind of town is Bourneville? |
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Definition
| one of the first factory towns in the countryside created by the Cadbury Brothers |
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Term
| what does The Garden City look like? |
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Definition
park in the center, surrounded by a ring of houses, surrounded by fields
geometric arrangement
married town and country |
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Term
| what did Ebenezer Howard design? |
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Definition
| came up with The Garden City |
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Term
| why were suburbs created? |
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Definition
| created as a response to the dirty, overcrowded, and unhealthy city conditions |
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Term
| what were the 3 problems of cities that led to the creation of suburbs? |
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Definition
1. not a healthy place to raise a family, rampant disease
2. city is a place of business, not people-friendly
3. not morally uplifting or encouraging a spirit of independance |
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Term
| early examples of suburbs? |
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Definition
Riverside, IL
Forest Hill Gardens, NY
Radburn, NJ |
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Term
| Who designed Riverside, IL? |
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Definition
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Term
suburb of Riverside, IL
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-outside Chicago
-"softened grid", because didn't want to be like the stiff grid of the city
-featured a river flanked by parks that went through it
-lots of trees among the houses
-roads were sunken to be less visible |
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Term
| who designed Forest Hill Gardens, NY? |
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Definition
| Olmsted and the Russel Sage Foundation |
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Term
| what were the goals of the Russel Sage Foundation? |
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Definition
-develop a high quality community
-Affordable to people of moderate means
-Reasonable return on investment (make money) |
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Term
suburb of Forest Hill Gardens, NY
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-near Manhattan, could reach by train
-human scale
-very beautiful architecture |
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Term
suburb of Radburn, NJ
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-gardening city
-wanted to solve the problem of danger of vehicles -> superblocks
-many pedestrian paths
-vehicle roads were sunken to be less visible |
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Term
| who set aside Yellowstone National Park, and why? |
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Definition
| set aside by Lewis and Clark after the land was determined to be useless for farming |
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Term
| what did the Yellowstone Protection Act do? |
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Definition
| defined a national park as area of historic, scenic or scientific significance to nation |
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Term
| what were some threats to national parks? |
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Definition
-damming of rivers, mining
-campers driving and auto-camping on it |
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Term
| what led to the making of laws against damming and mining for national parks? |
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Definition
| Pinchot built a dam at Hetch Hetchy to provide water to San Francisco, but it flooded a lot of the landscape |
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Term
| who fought to end auto-camping? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who created the National Park Service? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| national park service mission |
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Definition
conserve national parks
provide enjoyment of the park for Americans |
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Term
| what problems did Mather and Albright face? |
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Definition
-lack of interest
-lack of organization
-lack of understanding |
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Term
| what was one of the ways Mather and Albright increased interest and accessibility to national parks? |
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Definition
| built a railroad to the park and allowed a hotel to be built there |
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Term
| what is the role of state parks? |
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Definition
| to serve as a buffer to national parks by providing a recreational place to have fun (national parks were to remain more special) |
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Term
| what did the Historic American Building Survey do? |
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Definition
-provided jobs to people during the Depression
-documented important buildings and landscapes |
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Term
| what did Robert Moses (1930s-50s) do during his career? |
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Definition
| made a ton of changes in NYC |
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Term
Robert Moses and Jones Beach
what was necessary for its construction?
how did people react? |
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Definition
-forcibly relocated rich people to make a public beach
-public loved it |
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Term
Robert Moses and the Depression
what did Moses do?
how did people react? |
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Definition
used federal money to give people jobs building public works
-people and the mayor loved it |
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Term
Robert Moses and the Triborough Bridge
what was its purpose?
what did it do for Moses? |
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Definition
-linked majors boroughs of NYC
-financial authority of the bridge gave Moses a lot of money |
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Term
Robert Moses and urban renewal
what did it involve?
how did people react? |
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Definition
-tore down slums to build high-rise apartments
-people evicted were very unhappy |
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Term
Lincoln Center
who built it?
what was necessary for its construction?
how did people react? |
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Definition
-built by Robert Moses
-forcibly evicted 10,000 people
-people and press were critical of it |
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Term
Robert Moses and the Cross-Bronx Expressway
what was necessary for its construction?
how did people react? |
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Definition
tore down good building and destroyed a well-knit community to relieve congestion on Bronx roads
-a lot of people got upset |
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Term
| why was Robert Moses able to execute projects politicians couldn't? |
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Definition
-he had a ton of money from the Triborough Bridge Authority
-he was not in an elected position |
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Term
| what effect did the automobile have on city architecture? |
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Definition
-factories boomed, international style became very popular
-streets were not as pedestrian friendly, fewer shops at sidewalks |
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Term
| Mellon Square, Pittsburgh--where and why was it built? |
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Definition
-built on top of an underground parking garage
-to hide car storage with a pedestrian friendly park |
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Term
| what are the design features of Mellon Square? |
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Definition
-Modernist style: asymmetric, site specific
-support pillars below were considered in the placement of heavy structures |
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Term
| Constitution Plaza, Hartford--where and why was it built? |
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Definition
-built on top of an underground parking garage
-to hide car storage with a pedestrian friendly park |
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Term
| what are the design features and flaws of Constitution Plaza? |
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Definition
-raised above street level to separate people from cars
-nothing to attract people there after working hours
-became a haven for criminal because normal people did not go there at night, and it was out of view of police on the street |
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Term
| what was Larry Halprin's interest for landscape? |
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Definition
| interested in how designs affect people, not what the design looks like |
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Term
Auditorium Forecourt in Portland (1968)
who built it?
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-built by Halprin
-made a walkway for pedestrians to cross the city without having to cross
traffic
-huge cliff waterfall that people could climb on (references the Northwest cliffs) |
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Term
Niccolette Mall, Minneapolis (1967)
who built it?
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-built by Halprin
-traffic limited to buses on the street
-street curved to created pockets for featuers on the sidewalk |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of company HQs, colleges to outside the city encouraged development outside cities |
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Term
| Penn State was founded because... |
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Definition
-the farmer was seen as righteous because he is close to the land
-wanted to improve farming with scientific methods |
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Term
| how was Penn State different from other colleges in the 1850s? |
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Definition
-students studied farming rather than rhetoric, literature, and math
-not a place for the elite, but for practical learning |
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Term
| Penn State initial design approach |
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Definition
-non-urban, lots of fields
-school buildings were cozy cottages made to look like residences |
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Term
| how did Penn State change its design approach in the 1900-1950s? |
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Definition
-Greco-Roman influence with symmetry (Carnegie Hall)
-also Jeffersonian influence, with head and dependencies (Patte Library) |
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Term
| how did Penn State change its design approach in the 1950s-2000s? |
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Definition
| -adopted Modernist building style (it was a cheap way to build a lot of buildings fast to accommodate exploding student population) |
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Term
| Recently, how have inter-relationships among buildings at Penn State evolved? |
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Definition
| -spaces incorporating multiple buildings, such as the science mall |
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Term
| what did W. H. White study? |
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Definition
| what makes public spaces popular |
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Term
| what did W.H. White find to be desirable for public spaces? |
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Definition
-sitting places
-attractiveness of space while walking by
-light, water, trees
-kiosks & outdoor cafes
-triangulation |
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Term
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Definition
attracting crowds through entertainers/events:
the entertainer is the tip of the triangle, the two bottom points are observers who talk to each othr about the entertainer |
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Term
Gasworks Park, Seattle
who built it?
what approaches did it feature? |
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Definition
-designed by Richard Haag
-adaptive reuse of old structures
-bio-remediation |
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Term
| what are two of Martha Schwartz' gardens? |
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Definition
-bagel garden
-necco garden |
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Term
| what are some of Martha Schwartz' design ideas? |
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Definition
-juxtapose different design ideas
-iconoclastic
-use non-traditional materials |
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Term
Harlequin Plaza
who built it?
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-by Hargreaves
-Harlequin tile pattern
-illusion with mirrors |
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Term
| Randy Hester--what is one of his designs and what are his ideas? |
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Definition
-Harbor at Manteo, NC
-community involvement
-have people help build it so they care about it
-aesthetics are secondary, involvement of people is more important |
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Term
Tanner Fountain, Harvard
what are its design elements? |
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Definition
-is people friendly and also visually interesting
-mist fountain with boulders around it in a circle |
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Term
| what are some features of Proco de Mostri? |
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Definition
-symbolic statues
-fun house with crooked walls |
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Term
| what are some features of Rousham, England? |
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Definition
-episodic experience
-symbolic statues
-statues acting out scenes from plays
-dark grottos |
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Term
| what was the significance of the Ferris wheel at the Chicago Fair? |
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Definition
| offered changing, unique views |
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Term
Luna Park (a fair)
what did it look like?
what did its rides feature? |
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Definition
-large open area bordered by detailed, Italian buildings
-featured lighting on rides at night
-many rides that had great views |
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Term
Selzwick Estate by Florence Yoch
what style was it? |
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Definition
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Term
Gone with the Wind movie set
who built it?
what techniques were used to make the set seem real? |
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Definition
-by Florence Yoch
-manipulated California plants to look like Georgian ones
-constructed fake trees to manipulate light |
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Term
Fremont Street versus the Vegas strip
how and why are they different? |
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Definition
| Freemont Street building are closer together and smaller because it is pedestrian scale, the Vegas Strip is vehicle scale |
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Term
| what is a special feature of Vegas casinos? |
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Definition
| they have indoor plazas made to look like they are outside |
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Term
| what are some features of EPCOT? |
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Definition
pedestrian in the middle, roads for service vehicles at the outside
-showcases innovations
-displays different cultures |
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Term
| Who was interested in how designs affect people rather than what it looks like? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what two plazas were built over parking garages to hide cars and provide a space for pedestrians? |
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Definition
Constitution Plaza
Mellon Square |
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Term
| What sites were built by Halprin? |
|
Definition
Nicolette Mall
Auditorium Forecourt |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of national park? |
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Definition
| area of historic, scenic or scientific significance to nation |
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