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Definition
| Grouping words into multiple genres, and using different forms and "agreements" for each. Masculine and feminine are used for noun class |
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Definition
particular categories of nouns.
ex.
gender. animate. inanimate |
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| a word or morpheme that is used in some languages to accompany nouns in certain grammatical contexts, and can often be considered to "classify" the noun depending on the type |
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Definition
| When words or forms change to match a characteristic of another part of the sentence. |
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Taking morphemes onto words to indicate their role in the sentence.
ex. is the subject had an a at the end in a sentence and the object had a d
the cat ran to the ball
the cat-a ran to the ball-d |
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Definition
Group the subject and the direct object together.
ex.
I saw her |
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Definition
| group the subject and object the same and mark the agent with something else. |
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is shown by languages that have a partly ergative behavior, but employ another syntax or morphology usually accusative.
The subject agent and object can be marked differently. and the groupings can change, |
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Definition
| How a language marks who did what to whom |
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Definition
the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists.
ex. he was there and saw it happen.
vs he was there right after and thinks this happened |
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Definition
| A phenomenon where multiple verbs act together to express a single and composite verbal meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in pitch during the word changes the meaning of the word. |
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Definition
| When nasality during the vowel changes the meaning of the word. |
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Term
| Agglutinating vs. Fusional |
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Definition
Agglutinating is when all of the morphemes that make up a word are glued together. They are easy to pick apart.
Fusional is when the morphemes are fused together within the word so that you can't pick them out of the word. |
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Term
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Definition
isolating is a language that doesn't use morphemes.
Synthetic describes a language that does use morphemes. |
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Definition
| The study of how words are put together |
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Term
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Definition
Words are more of a template consonant letters rather than an actual word and you replace the vowels in between. Most of the words that use the same template are related in one way or another.
ex. book, library, page, paper |
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Definition
| a grammatical form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation. |
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Definition
a consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or curled shape and is touching the roof of you mouth.
ex. cz, sz, zh, ch, sh, |
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Definition
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| a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speaker die out or shift to speaking another language. |
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| is the process by which a language is documented from a documentary linguistics perspective. It aims to “to provide a comprehensive record of the linguistic practices characteristic of a given speech community |
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| Words which sound similar across different languages. A word shared among two sisters. |
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Definition
| A word incorporated from another language. stealing |
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Definition
a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation.
ex. straw that broke the camel's back. . from arabic. |
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Term
| Linguistic Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Using languages to try to reconstruct the mother language based on changes that have been made from language to language in that language family. Most changes have been made to make the language easier so the harder the older |
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Definition
| The original language from which a set of other languages developed |
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Definition
| A language with sister languages that share the same mother language. |
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Definition
| Where one sound in one language systematically corresponds with another sound in another language. |
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Definition
Tone is categorized by pitch "levels" the pitch remains the same when you are speaking the specific word but is different between the words
high, low, mid, |
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Definition
tone is categorized by shape and pattern of pitch
rising, falling, |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Identifies the noun as a subject of the verb |
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Definition
| the absolutive is the case used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, |
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Definition
The indirect object or recipient of an item
ex. kevin gave lisa flowers
lisa is dative |
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Definition
the possessor
ex.
I see marks ball.
mark is the genitive |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolating is a language that doesnt really use morphemes on its words and sythetic are languages that use morphemes on their words. they can be agglutinating or flusional. |
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Term
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| The process of looking at daughter languages and guessing what structures, sounds, and words the mother language must have had. |
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Definition
| Languages where we have found no contemporary relatives or ancestors |
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