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| A set of sounds combinations of sounds and symbols that are used for communication |
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| One that is published, widely distributed and purposefully taught. |
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| Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines. |
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| A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. |
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| Means that two people can understand each other when speaking |
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| Dialects distributed across space |
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| Classification of large scale languages |
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| The commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent |
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| A slight change in a word across languages within a subfaimily or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin |
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| The proposed existence of an ancestral Indo-European language, the name of it |
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| To track sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language |
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| A language without any native speaker |
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| It is considered to be the oldest language of the indo european launguage family |
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| Where a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects then through continued isolation divides the language into discrete languages |
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| Takes place if people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction, it collapses the two languages into one. |
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| Claims that from Anatolia diffused Europe's Indo European languages, from the wester are the fertile Crescent came the languages of North Africa and Arabia and from the Fertile Crescents easter arc ancient language spread into Present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India |
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| Early speakers spread westward on horse back overpowering earlier inhabitants |
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| Despite the genetic gradient identified in Europe some linguistic geographers continued to prefere this theory |
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| French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portugese |
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| English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and swedish |
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| Russian,Polish, Czech, Slovak,Ukranian, Solvenian,Bulgarian |
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