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Language in a Multilingual Society
Linguistics
59
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2009

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Term

 

 

Bilinguals

Definition

Bilinguals are individuals who are fluent in two languages, individuals who actively use, or attempt to use more than one language, even if they have not achieved fluency in their second language 

Term

 

 

Bilingualism

Definition

The Practice of alternately using two languages, L1, L2. Also native-like control of two languages or  balanced bilingualism 2L1
The ability to produce complete meaningful utterances in two languages
Knowing two languages is a normal part of existence for most human beings

Term


Simultaneous Bilingualism

Definition
Learn languages at the same time
Term

 

 

Early bilingualism

Definition
Learn L2 before teen age
Term

 

 

Late Sequential Bilingualism

Definition
Learn L2 after teen age
Term

 

 

Formal Bilingualism

Definition
Context of learning, instructed
Term

 

 

Informal Bilingualism

Definition
Context of learning, outside of professional settings
Term



Vertical bilingualism

Definition
Where a dialect in used in conjuction with another language, also known as diglossia.
Term
Horizontal Bilingualism
Definition
Two languages have equivelant status in official culture and family live
Term
Diagonal Bilingualism
Definition
When no related languages are use
Term
Primary Bilingualism
Definition
Where two languages have been learn naturally
Term
Incipient bilingualism
Definition
The early stages of bilingualism where one language is not stongly developed. Beginning to acquire a second language.
Term
Succesive Bilingualism
Definition
Biloingualism achieved by learning L2, later than L1, after the age of 3
Term
Early/Infant Bilingualism
Definition
The simultaneous acquisition of two languages at an early age
Term
Immersion Bilingualism
Definition
When the language is learn by living in a speech community of that language.
Term
Immersion Bilingualism
Definition
When the language is learn by living in a speech community of that language.
Term
Balanced Bilingualism
Definition
When fluency in both languages is equal
Term
Semilingualism
Definition
refers to those who have deficiencies in both languages compared with monolinguals.
Term
Functional Bilingualism
Definition
When the second language is use on distinct ocasions
Term
Dominant Bilingualism
Definition
A person is more proficient in one of the two languages, in most cases native one
Term
Ascendant Bilingualism
Definition
An individual whose ability to function in a second language is developind do to increase use
Term
Recessive Bilingualism
Definition
An individual who begins to feel some difficulty who feels is loosing the proficiency of L2 becuase of lack of use.
Term
Subtractive Bilingualism
Definition
An individual whose L2 is acquired at expense of the aptitutdes already acquired in the first language
Term
Receptive/passive bilingualism
Definition
An individual who understands a second language either spoken or/and written, but does not necesarilly speaks it or writes it.
Term
Productive Bilingualism
Definition
An individual who not only understands but also speaks and possibly writes in two or more languages
Term
Biliteracy
Definition
The art of knowing how to read in L1 and L2
Term
Coordinate/separate bilingualism
Definition
An individual whose two languages are learn in different context
Term
Compound Bilingualism
Definition
An individual whose languages are learn at the same time in the same context
Term
Subordinate Bilingualism
Definition
An individual who exhibits interferance in his or her language usage by reducing the pattern of the second language to those of the first
Term
Preferred Language
Definition
The language you prefer to talk
Term
Societal Bilingualism
Definition
A society in which two languages are used but where relatively few individuals are bilingual
Term
Effects of Societal Bilingualsim
Definition
Language contact, maintanence, shift and endangement
Term
Language Contact
Definition
Occurs when two or more language or dialects interact
Term
Language Maintenance
Definition
the continuing us of a langauge in the base of competition from a regional and socially more powerful language
Term
Language Shift
Definition
Process were a speech commnity changes to another language
Term
Language endangement
Definition
A language that is close to dissapearing
Term
Stable bilingualism
Definition
Persistent bilingualism in a society over several generations
Term
Ferguson Diaglossia
Definition

A relatively stable language in which in addition to the primary dialects of the language there is a very divergent, highly codified, superposed variety which is largely learn by formal education and is used for most written and spoken purposes but is not for ordinary conversation

Term
Fishman Extended Diglossia
Definition
A diglossic situation can occur anywhere where two langauges varieties(even unrelated ones) are used in functionally distinctive ways.
Term
Code mixing
Definition
speaking in one language but using pieces from another
Term
Style shifting
Definition
from standard to vernacular
Term
Language borrowing
Definition
The adoption of one language into another like lexical items
Term
Standard language
Definition
native language of a speech community codified in dictionaries and grammars(+p+v)
Term
Classical language
Definition
language codified in dictionaries and grammars which is no longer spoken (+p-v)
Term
Language shift in Migrant Minorities
Definition
Typically, migrants are monolingual in their mother tongue, their children become bilingual, but grandchildren turn monolingual in the host country language
Term
Language shift in non-migrant communities
Definition
It may result from political, economical or social changes within the speech community
Term
Language shift and death
Definition
Language death is a gradual process in which the function of language is taken over by a shift to a another language, speaker gradually loss fluency and competence until the language is not spoken anywhere in the world
Term
Factors affecting langauge shift
Definition

*economic, political, social

*Large community of speaker, or the community is able to isolate itself from the influence of the majority

*Minority language: pride and respect, ethnic identity, international status

Term
Language planning
Definition
Deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect to the acquisition structure and functional allocations of their language codes
Term
Language Policy
Definition
efforts to influence practices and beliefs through intervention, planning or management
Term
Neuro-images of later bilinguals(after 10)
Definition
Different representation of L1 versus L2 in Broca's area, whereas no difference is found in Wernickes
Term
Neuro-images of Early Bilinguals
Definition
The cortical representation of the two langauges was similar for both broca's and wernicke's areas
Term
Bilingual Ed
Definition
The study of ethnicity or cultural diversity within US and the transformation of learning envio in order to succesfuly educate students from diverse backgrounds
Term
Attitudes about Bilingalism
Definition

19th century: people believed been bilingual was a sign of great intellect

20th century: bilingual children had lower IQs than monolingual children

Today: Bilingual speakers may be encouraged to surpress their minority language

Term
Bilingual's creativity potential
Definition

Bilinguals score higher on the non-verbal uses test than on the word meaning tests.

Combined scores shows the bilinguals were higher therefore more creative

Term
Benefits of Bilingualism
Definition

*Enhanced academic and linguistic compentence

*Development of skills in cooperation and collaboration

*Appreciation of other cultures and languages

*Cognitive advantages

*Increased job opportunities

*Expanded travel experiences

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