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| Who posited that language influences a culture's perspective? |
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| Who found that children's understanding of grammatical rules developes as they make hypotheses about how syntax works and then self-correct with experience? |
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| Who found that language really begins to develop with the onset of active speech rather than during the first year of only listening? |
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| Who studied "Black" English (Ebonics) and found that it had its own complex internal structure, and is not simply incorrect English? |
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| Who studied the development of word meanings and found them to be complex and altered by interpersonal experience, and that language is a tool in the development of abstract thinking? |
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| Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria |
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| Who created semantic differential charts, which allowed peopel to plot of meanings of words on graphs (like near "good" but far from "relaxed")? |
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| Charles Osgood's semantic differential charts showed that: |
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| People with similar backgrounds and interests plotted words similarly, indicating that words have similar connotations (implied meaning) for cultures. |
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| Why is the Whorfian hypothesis used as an argument for the importance of nonsexist language? |
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| Because language influences a culture's perspective. |
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| Overapplication of grammar rules, i.e., adding -ed to words that are already past tense (I founded the toy.) |
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| Generalizing with names for things. For example, a baby calls all furry things "dogs." |
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| Speech without articles or extras, like how someone types a telegraph ("Wife dead.") |
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| When a young child uses a word to convey a whole sentence (saying "Me" to indicate "Give that to me.") |
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| Are bilingual children faster or slower at language learning? |
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| Basic sounds like ee, p, sh. |
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The smallest units of meaning in language. Made out of phonemes.
Examples: Boy, -ing. |
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A group of words that function as a single syntactic part of a sentence.
Example: "walking the dog" |
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| The arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a language. |
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| The overall rules of the relationship between morphemes and syntax that make up a language. |
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| Morphology/Morphological Rules |
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| Grammar rules; how to group morphemes. |
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Tone inflections, accents, pronunciation.
Example: Infants can more easily differentiate between completely different sounds than between different expressions of the same sound. |
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| Who is the most important figure in psycholinguistics? |
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| Who discovered transformational grammar, and what is it? |
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Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar differentiates between surface structure and deep structure in language.
"I studied the material for hours."
"The material was studied by for me hours."
These two sentences have the same deep stucture but different surface structure. |
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| The underlying meaning of a sentence |
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| The way words are arranged or organized into a sentence |
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| Language Acquisition Device (LAD) |
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| Chomky's theory that humans have an inborn ability to adopt generative grammar rules of the language they hear, and then use these rules to make millions of novel sentences. |
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| Why is the Language Acquisition Device controversial? |
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It is a nativist or genetic interpretation - it suggests that children don't need to learn through conditioning, imitating, or memorizing, but they only need to be exposed to a language in order to apply the LAD.
It also explains why children who are learning different languages progess similarly. |
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| The meaningful arrangement of sounds |
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| The study of the psychology of language |
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