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Language Files, Linguistics, Ch9
n/a
56
Language - Other
Undergraduate 3
12/11/2012

Additional Language - Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Addition
Definition
Production error involving the addition of extra units (out of the blue)
Term
Affix-stripping
Definition
hypothesis that each morpheme is stored individually in the mental lexicon
Term
Anticipation
Definition
Production error in which a later unit is substituted for an earlier unit or in which a later unit is added earlier in an utterance
Term
Aphasia
Definition
inability to perceive, process, or produce language because of physical damage to the brain
Term
Blend
Definition
In speech production, a production error in which two words "fuse" unto a single item. In language change, a new word created by combining the parts of two different words, usually the beginning of one word and the end of another
Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition
Inability to plan the motor sequences used in speech or sign owing to damage to Broca's area
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
the region of the brain located at the base of the motor cortex in the left hemisphere
Term
Categorical Perception
Definition
Phenomenon by which people perceive entities differently after learning to categorize them: differences within categories are compressed, and differences across categories are expanded
Term
Circumlocution
Definition
descriptions of a word's meaning, used when a speaker is unable to name the intended word
Term
Classical Malapropism
Definition
Competence error in which a speaker regularly uses a semantically incorrect word in place of a phonetically similar word
Term
Cohort
Definition
in the cohort model of lexical access, the cohort is the set of all the words that remain on the list of possible words as the auditory input progresses
Term
Cohort Model
Definition
Model of lexical access in which possible words in the mental lexicon are identified based on the initial sounds of the word; impossible words are eliminated as the auditory input progresses. A word is accessed once all other competitor words are eliminated
Term
Context Effect
Definition
In speech recognition, the additional ease with which a word may be accessed owing to related meanings of the words preceding it
Term
Contralaterality
Definition
Property of the brain such that one side of the body is controlled by the opposite hemisphere of the brain: the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body
Term
Cortex
Definition
Outer surface of the brain responsible for many of the brain's cognitive abilities or functions
Term
Dichotic Listening Task
Definition
Experiment that presents two different sounds (speech and/or nonspeech) simultaneously, one in each ear. Participants indicate which sound they have heard
Term
Eye-Tracking
Definition
Experimental protocol in which participants' eye movements are recorded, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about processing
Term
Frequency Effect
Definition
additional ease with which a word is accessed owing to its repeated occurrence in the discourse or context
Term
Full Listing Hypothesis
Definition
Hypothesis that every word is stored as a separate entry in the mental lexicon
Term
Garden Path Effect
Definition
Phenomenon by which people are fooled into thinking a sentence has a different structure than it actually does because of a temporary ambiguity
Term
Hemisphere
Definition
One of two nearly symmetrical halves of the brain
Term
Initial Cohort
Definition
In the cohort model of lexical access, the words that are activated as possible candidates when the first sound of a word is perceived
Term
Lack of Invariance
Definition
Problem in speech perception because no sound is ever produced exactly the same way twice
Term
Language Center
Definition
Parts of the cortex of the brain that, as far as we know, are used only for the production and comprehension of language
Term
Lateralization
Definition
Specialization of the brain hemispheres for different cognitive functions
Term
Left Hemisphere
Definition
The left side of the brain; the location of many language-controlling parts of the brain for most people; receives and controls nerve input from the right half of the body
Term
Lexical Bias Effect
Definition
Describes the fact that phonological errors give rise to real words more often than chance would predict
Term
Lexical Decision
Definition
An experimental protocol in which a participant is asked to identify stimuli as words or non-words and the decision time is measured
Term
Lexical Processing
Definition
The task of recognizing single whole words
Term
Malapropism
Definition
Performance error by which a speaker uses a semantically incorrect word in place of a phonetically similar word
Term
McGurk Effect
Definition
Effect illustrating that we rely not only on an acoustic signal in the perception of speech, but also on visual information. Occurs when a video showing a person producing one sound is dubbed with a sound-recording of the production of a different sound, and an observer's perception of the sound is affected by both kinds of input
Term
Naming Task
Definition
A task in which a participant responds to a stimulus by saying the word for the stimulus aloud while an experimenter measures the response time
Term
Neurolinguistics
Definition
The study of the neural and electrochemical bases of language development and use
Term
Online Task
Definition
Any task that is designed to reveal what happens during a process and when during the process it happens
Term
Parallel
Definition
Pertains to a model of speech processing in which different stages are all processed simultaneously and influence each other
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Area of the brain that is least involved in language perception and production
Term
Perseveration
Definition
Production error in which an earlier unit is substituted for a later unit or in which an earlier unit is added later in an utterance
Term
Phonemic Restoration
Definition
Hearing a sound that was not actually produced, because the sound fits the context of the utterance
Term
Prime
Definition
In language processing, the stimulus presented in a priming task right before the stimulus of interest
Term
Priming
Definition
Any experimental task in which participants are presented with a stimulus right before the stimulus of interest in order to see how or whether presentation of the earlier stimulus affects the response to the stimulus of interest
Term
Production Error
Definition
Inadvertent flaws in a speaker's use of his or her language: "slips of the tongue"
Term
Psycholinguistics
Definition
The study of the brain and how it functions in the production, perception, comprehension, storage, and acquisition of language
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
A psycholinguistic phenomenon whereby word recognition or production occurs faster owing to recent exposure to that word
Term
Right Hemisphere
Definition
The right half of the brain, which is in charge of processing music, perceiving nonlinguistic sounds, and performing tasks that require visual and spatial skills or pattern recognition, receives and controls nerve input from the left half of the body
Term
Serial
Definition
Pertains to a model of speech processing in which different stages of the model form a series or succession, each influencing only those that follow
Term
Shift
Definition
In speech production, a production error in which a linguistic unit is moved from one location to another
Term
Speech Perception
Definition
The processes involved in understanding speech and sign
Term
Speech Production
Definition
The processes involved in producing speech and sign
Term
Spoonerism
Definition
Production error in which the first sounds of two separate words are switched
Term
Substitution
Definition
In language processing, a production error in which one unit is replaced with another
Term
Syntactic Parsing
Definition
The analysis (by a human or computer) of the syntactic structure of a sentence; the reconstruction of the syntactic structure from a string of words
Term
Target
Definition
In priming tasks, the stimulus of interest that follows the prime
Term
Uniqueness Point
Definition
Point in the articulation of a word at which the word can be uniquely identified relative to all other words in the language that may begin with the same sound or sequence of sounds
Term
Unparsable
Definition
Describes a phrase or sentence that is grammatical, yet for which a person is unable to determine the syntactic structure, often due to the garden path effect
Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition
A speech disorder, commonly associated with brain damage to Wernicke's area, that involves the inability to understand linguistic input
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
A region of the brain found in the left hemisphere at or around the posterior end of the Sylvian fissure
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